101. Name types of signalling:

a)

b)

c)

Answer:

a) endocrine signals are directed at distant cells through the intermediacy of the blood stream;

b) paracrine signals are directed at nearby cells;

c) autocrine signals are directed at the cell that produced them.

102. Name the enzyme, which catalyses the following raction.

?

Answer: Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to 3’,5’-cyclicAMP (cAMP) and pyrophosphte.

Section IX Biochemistry of the nervous tissue

1. Which compound is the main source of energy for the brain tissue?

А. Glucose

В. Lactic acid

С. Ketone bodies

D. Fatty acids

Е. Amino acids

2. The tyrosine metabolism results in synthsesis of such mediator as:

A. Dopamine

B.Serotonin

C. Enkephalin

D. Histamin

E. γ –amunobutyric acid

3. For the compensatory treatment of nervous system alterations (dimentia) with simultaneous involvmentd of skin (dermatitis) and gastrointestinal tract (diarhea) a antipellagric vitamin was administered to the patient:

А. PP

B. C

C. A

D. B₆

E. K

4. The peculiarity of the amino acid constituents of the brain is the large amount of monoaminodicarboxylic acids, including:

А. Glutamate, aspartate

В. Arginin, lysine

С. Glutamine, asparagine

D. Serine, histidine

Е. Valine, tyrosine

5. The neurotransmitters of the group of biogeneous amines include:

А. Norepinephrine, serotonin

В. Glycine, proline

С. Glutamate, aspartate

Е. Acetylcholine, choline

6. The amino acids, containing “excitatory amino acids” include:

А. Glutamate, aspartate

В. GABA, glycine

С. Proline, serine

D. Histidine, lysine

Е.Glutamine, asparagine

7. The neurotransmitters, containing “depressive amino acids” include:

А. GABA, glycine

В. Glutamate, glutamine

С. Aspartate, asparagine

D. Proline, lysine

Е. Histidine, tyrosine

8. The main represantatives of opioid neuropeptides are met-enkephaline and leu-enkephaline which chemical structure is typical for:

А. Pentapeptides

В. Tetrapeptides

С. Hexapeptides

D. Octapeptides

Е. Decapeptides

9. Which tissue is the most sensitive to the lack of oxygen?

A. Nervous

B. Muscular

C. Connective

D. Epithelial

E. Bone

10. Which metabolite is the main energy supplier for the brain?

A. Glucose

B. Fatty acids

C. Amino acids

D. Glycerol

E. Glycogen

11. Which types of phospholipids differently from other tissues are neurospecific?

A. Gangliosides

B. Satured fatty acids

C. Phosphatidylcholine

D. Phosphatidylserine

E. Unsatured fatty acids

12. Whch of the mentioned below amno acids are the most commonly present in the nervous tissue?

A. Glutamate and aspartate

B. Glycine,proline

C. Histamine, tyrosine

D. Valine, isoleucine

E. Phenylalanine, threonine

13. Which amino acid is used for ammonia detoxication in the nervous tissue?

A. Glutamate

B. Leucine

C. Proline

D. Valine

E. Glutamine

14. Which depressing mediator is synthesized in nervous tissue from the glutamate?

A. γ-aminobutyric acid

B. Taurine

C.Glycine

D. Glutamine

E. Enkephaline

15. The source for catecholamine biosynthesis is:

A. Tyrosine

B. Tryptophan

C. Glutamate

D. Glutamine

E. Methionine

16. Which enzyme hydrolizes the mediator in cholinergic sinapses?

A. Acethylcholinestherase

B. Monoaminoxidase

C. Histaminase

D. Ceruloplasmin

E. Xanthinoxidase

17. Which mediator is used as antistress remedue?

A. γ-aminobutyric acid

B. Glutamine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Histamine

E. Acethylcholine

18. Which of the following neuropeptides exerts morphin-like properties?

A. Enkephaine

B. Vasointestinal peptide

C. Cholecistokinine

D. Substance P

E. Neurotensine

19. Which changes of the mediators balance are induced by stress?

A. The enhancement of cathecholamines synthesis and secretion

B. Enhancement of acetylcholine synthesis

C. Inhibition of cathecholamine synthesis

D. Inhibition of endorphine synthesis

E. Inhibition of glycine synthesis

20. Which enzyme catalises the oxidative desamination of cathecholamines?

A. Monoaminoxidase

B. Glutamate dehydrogenase

C. Cholinesterase

D. Acethylcholinesterase

E. Glutaminase

21. Which monooxidase inhibitors are commonly used in clinical practice as psychopharmacologic drugs, f.i. in treatment of the depressive conditions, schzizofrenia:

А. Iprinosil, pirasidol

В. Methionine, cysteine

С. Heparin, carnosine

D. Riboflavin, retinol

Е. Epinephrine, serotonine

22. Inhibition of the release of what mediator into the synaptic cleft occurs in tetanic toxin infection?

А. Glicine

В. Norepinephrine

С. GABA

D. Acetylcholine

Е. Glutamate

23. GABA is a depressing mediator in CNS. The inhibition of GABA-involved nervous impulse transfer between the neuronal cells is caused by the increased permeability of biomembrane for the ions of:

А. СІ^

В. К⁺

С. Са⁺⁺

D. Mg⁺⁺

Е. Na^