88. In blood of a patient a hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, in urine – hyperphosphaturia is observed. What is a possible cause of this state?

A .Enhanced secretion of parathyroid hormone

B. Suppression of parathyroid hormone synthesis

C. Enhanced secretion of calcitonine

D. Suppressed calcitonine secretion

E. Enhanced thyroxine secretion

89. Arachidonic acid as essential nutrient is needed for normal growth and developement. It is precursor of biologically active substances. Indicate what compounds are synthesized from arachidonic acid

A . Prostaglandine E₁

B. Noradrenalin

C. Ethanolamine

D. Triiodothyronine

E. Choline

90. In 13 years old girl a hypotension and polyuria is observed. Preliminary diagnosis – diabetes insipidus. It is caused by deficiency of:

A. Vasopressine

B. Aldosterone

C. Adrenalin

D. Cortisol

E. Oxytocine

91. Laboratory testing of the patient's blood plasma showed K⁺ level that is equal to 7.0 mM/1. What is the possible cause of such state?

A. Decrease of aldosterone level

B. Increase of aldosterone level

C. Decrease of thyroid hormones level

D. Increase of thyroid hormones level

E. Increase of sexual hormones level

92. Prostaglandins comprise a family of oxygenated lipid signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. They are involved in regulating a number of cellular processes. Some of the prostaglandins act to increase vasodilation and levels of cAMP in cells, whereas others increase vaso- and bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction. In the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, the oxygenation step is accomplished by the enzyme that synthesizes which of the following compounds?

A. Prostaglandin H₂

B. Prostaglandin E₂

C. Prostaglandin F₂α

D. Prostaglandin D₂

E. Prostaglandin I₂

93. Signaling via prostanoids begins by interaction of the prostanoid with its receptor. The receptor involved is usually located in which part of the cell?

A. Plasma membrane of a cell near the cell making the prostanoid

B. Nucleus of a cell in a different organ from the cell making the prostanoid

C. Endoplasmic reticulum of the cell making the prostanoid

D. Lysosomes of a cell circulating in the blood

E. Golgi of a cell circulating in the blood

Clinical cases and Situational tasks

94. A 40-year-old woman suffers from Cushing's disease, so-called steroid diabetes. Hyperglycemia and hypochlorinemia are biochemically exposed. Which biochemical process will be activated in the first place?

Answer. Cushing's syndrome is a hormone disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood. Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis, in particular, in the liver: This pathway results in the synthesis of glucose from non-hexose substrates such as amino acids and glycerol from triglyceride breakdown. Enhancing the expression of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis is probably the best-known metabolic function of glucocorticoids.

95. A 33-year old patient suffers from Grave’s disease. Which of biochemical processes will be disrupted?

Answer. Thyroid hormones increase the permeability of internal membranes of mitochondria for Н⁺, that results in disconnection of processes of respirations with phosphorylation and stopping of ATP synthesis.

96. A patient with low arterial pressure after the parenteral introduction of a certain hormone showed the essential rise of arterial pressure as well as blood levels of glucose and lipids. What hormone was administered to the patient and what is the mechanism of its action?

Answer. Administration of epinephrine leads to the splitting of glycogen and fats and the sugar and fatty acids appear in blood in large number, which are used by tissues for the producing of warmth and energy. At the same time the epinephrine activates the action of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscle systems, lead the mobilization of the reserve possibilities of the organism.