A. Liver

B. Kidney

C. Sceletal muscles

D. Cardiac muscle

E. Brain

75. The conversion of alanine to glucose is termed:

1. Gluconeogenesis

2. Glycolysis

3. Oxidative decarboxylation

4. Specific dynamic action

5. Glycogenesis

76. The increase in glucose concentration in blood under the action of glucagone is connected with activation of the next enzyme:

1. Glycogen phosphorylase

2. Hexokinase

3. Glucokinase

4. Aldolase

5. Glycogen synthase

77. The blood sugar raising action of the hormones of suprarenal cortex is due to:

1. Gluconeogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

3. Glucagon-like activity

4. Due to inhibition of glomerular filtration

5. Glycolysis

78. Emotional hyperglycemia is induced by enhanced secretion of the hormone:

1. Epinephrine

2. Insulin

3. Progesteron

4. Cortisol

5. Thyroxine

79. Activity of enzymes of glycogen metabolism is regulated in the process:

A.Covalent modification by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation

B.By limited proteolysis

C.By dissociation into subunits

D.By isomerization of reaction products

E.By a noncompetitive inhibition

80. Amylo 1,6 glucosidase is referred as:

1. Debranching enzyme

2. Branching enzyme

3. Glucantransferase

4. Phosphorylase

5. Sythase

81. Protein avidin, a minor constituent of uncooked eggs, is a powerful inhibitor of biotin enzymes. Which of the below listed metabolic transformations would be blocked in case of the avidin addition to the cells homogenates?

A. Pyruvate→Oxaloacetate.

B. Glucose→pyruvate.

C. Oxaloacetate→glucose

D. Glucose→ribosc 5-phosphate.

E. Lactate→pyruvate.

82. Post-translational covalent modification is an important factor in the regulation of the enzymes' activity. Choose the mechanism of regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase activities from the following:

A. Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation

B. Methylation.

C. Adenylation.

D. Restricted proteolysis.

E. ADP-ribosylation.

83. In animals, an enzyme unique to gluconeogenesis is:

1. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

2. Enolase

3. Phosphglyceromutase

4. Glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

5. Aldolase

84. The increase in glucose concentration in blood under the action of glucagon is connected with activation of the next enzyme:

1. Glycogen phosphorylase

2. Hexokinase

3. Glucokinase

4. Aldolase

5. Glycogen synthase

85. The activation of liver phosphorylase is achieved by the next process:

1. Phosphorylation by ATP

2. Limited proteolysis

3. Dephosphorylation by proteinphosphatase

4. Glycosylation in Golgi vesicles

5. Phosphorylation by camp

86. The carbohydrate reserved in human body is:

1. Glycogen

2. Starch

3. Glucose

4. Inulin

5. Lactose

87. Inactivation of glycogen synthase is dependent on the next reaction:

1. Dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase

2. Phosphorylation by ATP

3. Allosteric inhibition by glucagone

4. Irreversible inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate

5. Incorporation of enzyme into lysosomal vesicles.

88. All the following about glycogenolysis are true except:

1. Glucose is the end product in liver and muscle

2. It is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

3. It is stimulated by adrenaline and nor adrenaline

4. Von-Gierk's disease deficiency of glucose-6- phosphatase

89. The active form of glycogen ___ is phosphorylated; the active form of glycogen ___ is dephosphorylated.

1. Phosphorylase; synthase

2. Hydrolase; dehydrogenase

3. Dehydrogenase; hydrolase

4. Hydrolase; semisynthase

5. Synthase; phosphorylase

90. Which of the following is a precursor for glucose synthesis via gluconeogenesis?

1. Glycerol

2. Leucin

3. Cholesterol

4. Glucagon

5. Cortisone

91. Lactate formed in muscles can be utilised through

1. Cori’s cycle

2. Rapoport-Luebeling cycle

3. Glucose-alanine cycle

4. Citric acid cycle

5. Tricarboxylic acid cycle

92. Some hours after an intensive physical training a sportsman showed activated gluconeogenesis. Which of the following is the basic substrate of gluconeogenesis?

A. Lactate.

B. Aspartate.

C. Glutamate.

D.α-Ketoglutarate.

E. Serine.

93. The precursor to glycogen in the glycogen synthase reaction is:

1. UDP-glucose.

2. Gucose-l-phosphate.

3. Glucose-6- phosphate.

4. UTP-glucose.

5. None of the above

94. The characteristic enzymes of gluconeogensis are found in the cytosol, except for:

1. Pyruvate carboxlyase, which is in the mitrochondria.

2. Fructose-1.6-bisphosphatase, which is in the mitochondria.

3. Glucose-6-phosphatase, which is in the mitrochondria.

4. Frustocse-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is in the glycogen granule.

5. Pyruvate carboxylase, which is in the glycogen granule.

95. Each of the following enzymes is required for the conversion of glycerol to glucose EXCEPT:

1. Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase

2. Glucose-6-phosphatase

3. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

4. Fructose 1.6 bisphosphtase

5. Triosophosphate isomerase

96. Which of the following supports gluconeogenesis?

1. pyruvate + ATP + HCO₃ = oxaloacetate + ADP + P_i + H⁺

2. α-ketoglutarate + aspartate = glutamate + oxaloacetate

3. acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate + H₂O = citrate + CoA

4. leucine degradation

5. lysine degradation

97. Increase in blood glucose concentration under the action of glucagone is caused by the activation of which of the following enzyme:

1. Glycogen phosphorylase

2. Hexokinase

3. Glucokinase

4. Aldolase

5. Glycogen synthase

98. The concentration of glucose in the blood plasma of a healthy man varies within the following limits:

A. 3.3-5.5 mM/l.

B. 2.0-4.0 mM/1.

C. 10.0-25.0 mM/1.

D.6.0-9.5 mM/1.

E. 1.0-2.0 mM/1.

99. In diabetes mellitus and during starvation an increase of ketone bodies in blood is observed, which are used as energetic material. Indicate the substance from which they are synthesized.

1. Acetyl- Co A

2. Citrate

3. Succinyl-Co A

4. a-Ketoglutarate

5. Malate

100. Glucose is completely reabsorbed in renal tubules up to the next value of blood glucose level:

A. 10 mmoles/l

B. 7,5 mmoles/l

C. 5,5 mmoles/l

D. 80 mg/dl

E. 150 mg/dl

101. What is not correct about the action of growth hormone?

A. It decreases liver qlycogen store

B. It increases plasma glucose concentration

C. It increases protein synthesis

D. It causes increased uptake of arnino acids by tissues

E. It has ketogenic effect

102. Destruction of pancreatic islets of Langerhans results in the decrease of production of:

1. Glucagon and insulin

2. Parathhormone and cortisone

3. Thyroxyne and calcitonin

4. Insulin and adrenaline

5. Callicrein and angiotensin

103. Cyclic AMP is formed from ATP by the enzyme adenylate cyclase which is activated by the hormone:

A. Epinephrine

B. Insulin

C. Testosterone .

D. Progesterone

E. Cortisol

104. Increase in blood glucose concentration under the action of glucagone is caused by activation of the following enzyme:

1. Glycogen phosphorylase

2. Hexokinase

3. Glucokinase

4. Aldolase

5. Glycogen synthase

105. Blood glucose level is decreased by:

A. insulin

B. glucagone

C. epinephrine

D. glucocorticoid hormones

E. testosterone

106. Appearance of sugar and ketone bodies is revealed in the patient's urine. Blood glucose concentration is 10.1 mM/l. What is a presumptive diagnosis of the patient?

A. Diabetes mellilus.

B. Atherosclerosis.

C. Toxic hepatitis.

D. Pancreatitis.

E. Myocardial infarction.

107. Utilization of glucose occurs by means of sugar transport from the extracellular matrix through the plasma membrane into the cell. What hormone stimulates this process?

1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

3. Thyroxine

4. Aldosterone

5. Adrenaline

108. Adrenalin is water soluble hormone, its effect is mediated by secondary messengers, which are:

A. cAMP

B. NAD

C. Cytochrome c

D. Acetylcholine

E. ATP

109. All of the following are disaccharides except:

1. D-glucose

2. Maltose

3. Lactose

4. Sucrose

110. Glucose, fructose and galactose are classified as which type of sugar?

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Oligosaccharides

4. Polisaccharides

111. Glycogen, starch, and glycosaminoglycans are classified as:

1. Polysaccharides

2. Monosaccharides

3. Disaccharides

4. Oligosaccharides

E. Trisaccharides

112. Which of the following statements concerning glycosaminoglycans is true?

1. They contain repeating disaccharides

2. They contain branches of N-acetylneuraminic acid

3. They seldom contain sulphate groups

4. They are most often positively charged

5. They contain short oligosaccharide chain

113. The most abundant glycosaminoglycan in the body is:

1. Chondroitin sulphate

2. Keratan sulphate

3. Hyaluronic acid

4. Dermatan sulphate

5. Heparin

114. Dextrans are:

1. Soluble polysaccharides of glucose

2. Soluble polysaccharides of fructose

3. Soluble polysaccharides of galactose

4. Soluble polysaccharides of ribose

115. Sugars that contain aldehyde groups that are oxidized to carboxylic acids are classified as:

1. Reducing sugars

2. Non-reducing sugars

3. Polar sugars

4. Non-polar sugars

116. Which of the following glycosaminoglycans is also known as cement substance of tissues?

1. Hyaluronic acid

2. Chondroitin sulphate

3. Determatan sulphate

4. Heparin sulphate