
- •Irish Lesson 1
- •Irish Lesson 2
- •Irish Lesson 3
- •Irish Lesson 4
- •Irish Lesson 5
- •Irish Lesson 6
- •Irish Lesson 7
- •Irish Lesson 8
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 9
- •Irish Lesson 10
- •Irish Lesson 11
- •Vocabulary Masculine nouns
- •Irish Lesson 12
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 13
- •Vocabulary Masculine nouns
- •Irish Lesson 14
- •Irish Lesson 15
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 16
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 17
- •Vocabulary Masculine Nouns
- •Irish Lesson 18
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 19
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 20
- •Irish Lesson 21
- •Irish Lesson 22
- •Irish Lesson 23
- •Vocabulary Masculine Nouns
- •Irish Lesson 24
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 25
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 26
- •Irish Lesson 27
- •Irish Lesson 28
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 29
- •Irish Lesson 30
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 31
- •Irish Lesson 32
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 33
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 34
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 35
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 36
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 37
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 38
- •Irish Lesson 39
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 40
- •Irish Lesson 41
- •Irish Lesson 42
- •Irish Lesson 43
- •Irish Lesson 44
- •Irish Lesson 45
- •Irish Lesson 46
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 47
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 48
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 49
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 50
- •Irish Lesson 51
- •Irish Lesson 52
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 53
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 54
- •Irish Lesson 55
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 56
- •Irish Lesson 57
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 58
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 59
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 60
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 61
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 62
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 63
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 64
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 65
- •Irish Lesson 66
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 67
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 68
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 69
- •Irish Lesson 70
- •Irish Lesson 71
- •Irish Lesson 72
- •Irish Lesson 73
- •Irish Lesson 74
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 75
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 76
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 77
- •Irish Lesson 78
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 79
- •Irish Lesson 80
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 81
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 82
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 83
- •Irish Lesson 84
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 85
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 87
- •Irish Lesson 88
- •Irish Lesson 89
- •Irish Lesson 90
- •Comhrá(koh-raw*), conversation
- •Grammar Review
- •Irish Lesson 91
- •Comhrá(koh-raw*), Conversation
- •Notes on the conversation:
- •Grammar Review
- •Irish Lesson 92
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 93
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 94
- •Irish Lesson 95
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 96
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 97
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 98 The fourth declension of nouns
- •Vocabulary of fourth-declension nouns
- •Irish Lesson 99
- •Irish Lesson 100
- •Irish Lesson 101
- •Irish Lesson 102
- •Insint neamhdhireach (in-shint nyav-yi-rahk*); indirect speech
- •Irish Lesson 103
- •Irish Lesson 104
- •Irish Lesson 105
- •Irish Lesson 106
- •Irish Lesson 107
- •Irish Lesson 108 Recognition drill for an modh coinníollach with irregular verbs
- •Irregular verbs in the conditional mood
- •Irish Lesson 109 Recognition drill with modh coinníollach
- •An modh coinníollach in conversation
- •Vocabulary
- •Ainmfhocail fhirinscneacha (an-im-oh-kil ir-insh-knahk*-uh) Masculine nouns
- •Ainmfhocail bhaininscneacha (vwin-insh-knahk*-huh) feminine nouns
- •Irish Lesson 110 Comprehension for an modh coinníollach
- •"Is" in sentences with "if"
- •Comhrá(koh-raw*)
- •Irish Lesson 111
- •Vocabulary for verbs
- •Irish Lesson 112 Recognition Drill for Verbs
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 113
- •Graiméar
- •Cleachtadh
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 114
- •Graiméar
- •Cleachtadh
- •Vocabulary
- •Irish Lesson 115 Cleachtadh aitheantais (a-huhn-tish); recognition drill
- •Graiméar
- •Cleachtadh leis an aimsir ghnáthchaite
- •Focail nua
- •Irish Lesson 116 Graiméar
- •Indirect speech with an aimsir ghnáthchaite
- •Irish Lesson 117
- •Cleachtadh leis an aimsir ghnáthchaite
- •Special expressions; cora cainte (koh-ruh keyen-te) or idioms
- •Cleachtadh leis na réamhfhocail (ray*V-oh-kil) (prepositions)
- •Irish Lesson 118 Cleachtadh le briathra
- •Graiméar
- •Cleachtadh aitheantais na mbriathra; recognition drill for verbs
- •Irish Lesson 119 Cleachtadh le briathra; practice with verbs
- •Réamhfhocail (ray*V-ohk-il); prepositions
- •Graiméar
- •Irish Lesson 120 Graiméar
- •Irish Lesson 121 Cleachtadh briathra: practice with verbs
- •Graiméar
- •Foirmeacha le "ar"
- •Liosta focal briathra
- •Ainmfocail (an-im-oh-kil)
- •Irish Lesson 122 Cleachtadh leis an gclaoninsint (glay*-uhn-in-shint); practice with indirect speech
- •Graiméar
- •Lasadh séan solas
- •Irish Lesson 123 Cleachtadh briathra; practice on verbs
- •Irish Lesson 124
- •Irish Lesson 125 Graiméar: an forainm coibhneasta (fohr-an-im kiv-nas-tuh)
- •Irish Lesson 126
- •Irish Lesson 127 An forainm coibhneasta (fohr-an-im kiv-nas-tuh) le "is"; the relative pronoun with "is"
- •Irish Lesson 128 Cleachtadh leis an forainm coibhneasta le "is" (practice with the relative pronoun for "is")
- •Réamhfhocail; prepositions
- •An ceacht deireanach; the last lesson
Irish Lesson 20
PRONUNCIATION
The letter group "omh" in a word often gets the sound of (oh). This sound is held for the same length of time as "ó". Examples are: romham (ROH-uhm), before me; romhat (ROH-uht), before you; comhar (KOH-uhr), aid; comhairle (KOHR-le), council, advice; comhrá(KOH-raw*), conversation; fómhar (FOH-uhr), autumn; comhacht (KOH-uhk*t), power; comhlacht (KOH-luhk*t), a corporation.
GRAMMAR
To say "I had a book", rather than "I have a book", you merely replace "tá" by "bhí", as in:
Bhíleabhar agam (vee LOU-wuhr uh-GUHM), I had a book. The literal meaning is, of course, "There was a book at me".
Forms for "had" parallel those needed to express "have". Here is practice reading to help you recognize and use the forms. Only the new or less familiar words have a pronunciation guide directly after them.
Bhíairgead (AR-i-guhd) agam inné. Nach raibh bainne agat? Níl mórán bainne againn anois. Táscian ag Tomás. An raibh cóta ag an mac? Nach bhfuil nuachtán agat? Níraibh cnaipe (kuh-NAHP-e) ag an gcóta.
An bhfuil carr aige? Níl caife nótae aici. Nach raibh bróg ag Peadar? Bhíbord mór acu. An bhfuil léine mhaith aige? Táleabhar agaibh. An raibh mála bán aici? Nach bhfuil hataíacu? Níraibh ceann (kyoun) eile agam.
The pronunciation guide and translation for these sentences follow:
vee AR-i-guhd uh-GUHM in-YAY*. nahk* rev BAHN-ye uh-GUHT? neel moh-RAW*N BAHN-ye uh-GIN uh-NISH. taw* SHKEE-uhn eg toh-MAW*S. un rev KOH-tuh eg un MAHK? nahk* vwil NOO-uhk*-taw*n uh-GUHT? nee rev kuh-NAHP-e eg un GOH-tuh.
un vwil KAHR eg-GE? neel KAH-fe noh tay* a-KI. nahk* rev brohg eg PAD-uhr? vee bohrd mohr ah-KUH. un vwil LAY*-ne vwah eg-GE? taw* LOU-wir uh-GIV. un rev MAW*-luh baw*n a-KI? nahk* vwil HAHT-ee ah-KUH? nee rev kyoun EL-e uh-GUHM.
I had money yesterday. Didn't you have milk? We don't have much milk now. Thomas has a knife. DId the son have a coat? Don't you have a newspaper? The coat didn't have a button.
Has he a car? She doesn't have coffee or tea.. Didn't Peter have a shoe? They had a large table. Has he a good shirt? You have books. Did she have a white bag? Don't they have hats? I didn't have another one.
DRILL
It is necessary for you to practice with masculine and feminine nouns accompanied by adjectives, so that you will be familiar with the changes needed. Here are some drill expressions. Go over them until you are completely in mastery of them:
Máthair mhaith (MAW*-hir vwah); an mháthair mhaith (un VWAW*-hir vwah); mo mháthair mhaith (muh VWAW*-hir vwah).
cailín maith (kah-LEEN mah); an cailín maith; do chailín maith (duh k*ah-LEEN mah).
bróg shalach (brohg huh-LAHK*); an bhróg shalach (un vrohg huh-LAHK*); a bhróg shalach (uh vrohg huh-LAHK*).
bord salach; an bord salach;ár mbord salach ( aw*r mohrd suh-LAHK*).
traein fhada (tray*n AH-duh); an traein fhada; do thraein fhada.
carr fada; an carr fada; mo charr fada ( muh K*AHR FAH-duh).
cathaoir chrua (KAH-heer K*ROO-uh), a hard chair; an chathaoir chrua (un K*AH-heer K*ROO-uh); a cathaoir chrua, her hard chair.
cóta beag (KOH-tuh byuhg); an cóta beag; mo chóta beag (muh K*OH-tuh byuhg).
sráid dheas (sraw*d yas), a nice street; an tsráid dheas (un traw*d yas); a shráid dheas (uh hraw*d yas), his nice street.
fuinneog ghlan (fwin-YOHG gluhn); an fhuinneog ghlan (un in-YOHG gluhn); do fhuinneog ghlan (duh in-YOHG gluhn). fear mór (far mohr); an fear mór; do fhear mór (duh ar mohr).
scian ghéar (SHKEE-uhn yay*r), a sharp knife; an scian ghéar; mo scian ghéar (muh SHKEE-uhn yay*r).
pingin bheag (PEENG-in vyuhg), a small penny; an phingin bheag (un FEENG-in vyuhg); mo phingin bheag.
These changes are annoying to you at first, but a little practice will make them seem very natural. Writing them out after you have gone over the pronunciation several times is another good way to become used to the changes required.
The verbal nouns with "tá" and "bhí" also require some drilling. Repeat this drill until you can do it with full understanding and without hesitation:
Nach bhfuil Seán ag léamh sa chistin? (nahk* vwil shaw*n uh LAY*-uhv suh HYISH-tin). Níl séag léamh sa chistin. An bhfuil séag léamh thuas an staighre? (HOO-uhs un STEYE-ruh). Táséag léamh ansin.
Nach raibh do mháthair ag caint leat? (uh KEYENT lat) Níraibh síuh caint liom (luhm) An raibh síag caint le Máire? (MAW*-re) Bhísíag caint le Máire agus le Bríd, freisin (le BREED FRESH-in).
Nach bhfuilár n-athair ag scríobh na litreach? (nahk* vwil aw*r NA-hir uh SHKREEV nuh LI-trahk*), writing the letter? Níl séag scríobh na litreach. An bhfuil séag obair sa bhaile? (eg OH-bir suh VWAH-le) Táséag obair sa ghairdín (suh gahr-DEEN).
Nach raibh cat agaibh? (uh-GIV) Níraibh cat againn anuraidh (uh-GINN uh-NOOR-ee), last year. An raibh madra agaibh? Bhímadraálainn againn anuraidh.
Nach bhfuil nuachtán agat? (NOO-uhk*taw*n uh-GUHT) Níl nuachtán ar bith agam. An bhfuil airgead agat (AR-i-guhd uh-GUHT), have you money? Támórán airgid agam (moh-RAW*N AR-i-gid uh-GUHM), I have a lot of money.
Nach raibh cathaoir eile agat sa teach? (KAH-heer EL-e) Níraibh ach cathaoir amháin againn (uh-WAW*-in uh-GIN), we had only one chair. An raibh bord agaibh? O, bhídhábhord againn (GAW* vwohrd uh-GIN), We had two tables.
Note: The word for "two" of anything (escept persons) is "dhá" (gaw*), and it is followed by the aspirated singular. Examples: dhábhád (gaw* VWAW*D), two boats; dháléine, two shirts; dháfháinne (gaw* AW*-nye), two rings; dháchat (gaw* K*AHT), two cats.