7. Shortening.

S. – is the process of substituting a part for a whole. S. may be dif. Kinds: 1) Clipping is cutting off a part of a word to one or two syllables. The beg. Of the word is shortened: phone<-telephone, the middle of the word shortened: mart<-market, the end is shortened: ed(editor), ad(advertisement). 2)abbreviation is forming a word out of the initial elements of a word combination: MP (member of parliament), UNO, FBI, CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), USA. Often met in newspaper style.

Minor types of word building are important as aff. and conversion: 1)blending (стяжение) is combining parts of 2 words to form one word: brunch<->breakfast+lunch, smog<->smoke+fog, magalog<->magazine+catalog. Sound and stress interchange (чередование Зв. В слове) is a way of making words by changing the phonetic shape of the root (измен. Фон. Состава корня). It was production in O.E.: full-fill, blood-bleed, sing-song, ‘present-pre’sent, ‘conflict-con’flict.

8. The etymological structure of Eng. Voc.

The term etymology comes from Greek and it means the study of the earliest form and meaning of the word. In every modern language there are native and borrowed words. It is natural because contrasts between people lead to the process of borrowing. As for the Eng. Lang. linguists consider foreign influence to be one of the most important factors in the history of English, so we speak about the mixed character of the Eng. Voc. Native words include words of Indo-European stocks, words of Common Germanic and the eng. Proper element.

9. Words of native origin.

So by native words we mean those which were not borrowed from other lang. The number of native words is small, about 25-30%. This fact gave ground to the assumption that eng. Is not a G. but R-G. lang. Today the accepted point of view is E. is a G. lang. It can be proved by the fact that borrowed words predominate in the system of the lang., while in speech native words make about 80% of the words. It was found out in the works of Eng. Classics. It is natural because in speech 9oral or written) the most widely used words are prepositions, auxiliary and modal, all irregular verbs, a great many nouns and verbs denote everyday notions are native words. Native words include Indo-European element. I-E e include the words with roots common to most lang. in the I-E group: names of family members. The G.element includes the words with roots common to the most G.lang.:names of parts of human body. The Eng.-proper element includes the words that don’t have cognates in other lang.: bird, boy, girl, lord, lady. So words of native origin are widely used in everyday speech.

10. Borrowings. Types.

The word borrowing is used in two meanings: 1)the process adopting words from other languages; 2)the result of this process. Source of borrowing is the language from which the word was taken. Origin of borrowing is the lang. the word may be traced to. F.ex.: school came from Latin (source). To Latin it came from Greek (origin) – Latin borrowing of Greek origin. There are linguistic and extra-ling. Reasons for borrowing. Extra or historical includes wars ad peaceful contacts. There are two main ling. reasons: to fill a gap in vocabulary (potato, tomato from Spanish when these vegetables were brought to England – together with the subject). Words are also borrowed to represent the same notion in a new aspect. Fr. adore was added to the native words love and like. It showed the highest degree of the speakers’ attitude. This type of borrowing enlarges the groups of synonyms. There are special types of borrowings: translation loans (дословный перевод, калькирование) are borrowing words by means of literary translating words or word comb.: fire-year plan, wonder child, first dance. Etymological doublets are two and more words originating from the same etymological source but differing in phonetic shape and meaning. 1)one of the pair is native and another is borrowed: shirt(narive)-skirt(scan.), 2)doublets are borrowed but from dif.lang.: senior(lat.)-sir(fr.), 3)borrowed from one and the same lang. but from dif. Historical periods: cavalry(norm.fr.)-chivalry(parisian fr.), 4)shortening were also a reason for the development of e.d.: history-story, defense-fence.

International words are borrowed by several lang. They are borrowed mostly from Latin and Greek. They denote notions that are important in communication: names of scientists, political, sport terms, names of fruits, food so on.