Recommended Literature:

1. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка.= The English Word [Текст]: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. / И.В. Арнольд. – М.: Высшая школа,1986. – p.134 – 152.

2. Гинзбург, Р.З. Лексикология английского языка. [Текст]: Учебн для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / Р.З. Гинзбург, С.С. Хидекель, Г.Ю. Князева и др.– М : Высшая школа, 1979. – p. 108 – 114.

3. Антрушина Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка = English Lexicology [Текст]: Учеб. для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. №.2103 «Иностр. яз.» /Г.Б. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева, Н.Н. Морозова – 3-е изд. стереотип. – М.: Дрофа, 2001 – с. 88 – 99.

4. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (практический курс) [Текст]: Учебное пособие для студентов 2-3 курсов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков./ Т.И. Арбекова. – М.: Высшая школа, 1977. – с.38 – 51.

6. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка [Текст] / А.И. Смирницкий М. Изд-во МГУ им. М.В.Ломоносова, 1998 . – с. 83 – 102.

Lecture 13. Collocation of Words

1. Lexical Valency of Words and their Collocation.

2. Grammatical Valency of Words and Their Collocation.

3. Valency of Words Belonging to Different Parts of Speech

4. Collocation of Different Lexical and Lexico-Grammatical Variants

of a Polysemantic Word.

5. Distribution as the Criterion of Classification.

6. Valency and Collocation of Correlated Words of Different Languages.

The aptness of a word to appear in various combinations with other words is described as its lexical valency or collocability. Concrete realization of the valency of the word is its collocation. The range of lexical valency of words is linguistically restricted by the inner structure of the English word-stock. There is a certain norm of lexical valency for each word and any departure from this norm is felt as a literary or a stylistic device.

The aptness of a word to appear in specific grammatical structures is termed as its grammatical valency. It is delimited by the part of speech the word belongs to. The valency of words belonging to different parts of speech has its specific features. But this is not to imply that the grammatical valency of words belonging to the same part of speech is necessarily identical. It follows that the grammatical valency of each individual word is dependent on the grammatical structure of the language.

Different meanings of a polysemantic word may be described through the possible types of lexical and grammatical contexts, i.e. through the lexical valency of the word and through its grammatical valency. Specific linguistic restrictions in the range of lexical and grammatical valency of individual words imposed in the lexical units by the inner structure of the language.

The lexical valency and the grammatical valency of correlated words in different languages are not identical. It depends on the lexico-semantic and grammatical systems of the language and the linguistic, conceptual and encyclopedic knowledge.

Structurally word-groups may be classified by the criterion of distribution into endocentric and exocentric. Endocentric word-groups can be classified according to the head-word into nominal, adjectival, verbal and adverbial groups or phrases.

Semantically all word-groups may be classified into lexically and structueally motivated and non-motivated. The degree of motivation may be different. There are innumerable incomplete intermediate cases between the extremes of complete motivation and lack of motivation. Non-motivated word-groups are usually described as phraseological units or idioms.

Recommended Literature:

1. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка. [Текст]: Учебн. для н- тов и фак. иностр. яз. 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. / И.В. Арнольд. – М.: Высшая школа,1986. – p. 165 – 169.

2. Гинзбург, Р.З. Лексикология английского языка [Текст]: Учеб для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / Р.З. Гинзбург, С.С. Хидекель, Г.Ю. Князева и др.– М : Высшая школа, 1979. – p. 162 – 164; p. 74 – 88.

3. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (практический курс) [Текст]. Учебное пособие для студентов 2-3 курсов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков./ Т.И. Арбекова. – М.: Высшая школа, 1977 – c. 95– 99.

4. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка [Текст] / А.И. Смирницкий. – М.: Изд-во МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, 1998 . – c. 223 – 225.

Lecture 14. Phraseological Units

1. Phraseology as a Linguistic Subject.

2. Similarity and Difference between Free Word-Groups and Phraseological Units.

3. Difference between a Phraseological Unit and a Word.

4. Different Approaches to the Classification of Phraseological Units

a) Acadimition V.V. Vinogradov’s classification of phraseological units.

b).Prof. Smirnitsky’s classification of phraseological units. .

c).Prof. A.V. Kunin’s classification of phraseological units.

d).Prof. N.N. Amosova’s approach to the study of phraseological units.

5. Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations and Clichés.

The term phraseology is used to denote a branch of linguistic science that deals with phraseological units. All word-groups in Modern English may be classified in free word-groups and set expressions. Set expressions are called differently by different linguists: collocation, idiom, phraseological units.

Phraseological units are defined as combination of words that are reproduced in speech as ready-made units. Free word-groups are constructed in the process of communication. Both have the same structural formulas but the components of a phraseological units have only one form out of all the forms of their paradigm. The meaning of a phraseological unit predominates over the individual meaning of its components whereas the meaning of a free word-group may be described as the combined meaning of the words it consists of. The most essential feature of a phraseological unit is its stability.

Phraseological units are word equivalents both semantically and grammatically. The semantic unity makes phraseological units similar to words. They can function in the language as word equivalence. But phraseological units consist of words whereas words are made up of morphemes.

Phraseological units can be classified into three groups: phraseological fusions are completely non-motivated word-groups. Phraseological unities are partially motivated word-groups. Phraseological collocations contain one component in its direct meaning, while the other is used metaphorically. This approach to English phraseology is based on the research work carried on in the field of Russian phraseology by Academician V.V. Vinogradov.

The peculiarities of English phraseology have been successfully studied by different scholars: A.I. Smirnitsky, N.N. Amosova, A.V. Kunin and some other linguists.

Special attention is paid to phraseological units as bearers of cultural formation based on a unique experience of the nation and the study of proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés and their use in the dictionary.