Text 13 sectors of economy

There are three main sectors of economy: the primary sector, the secondary sector, and the tertiary sector.

The primary sector of economy includes industries that get goods from nature, such as agriculture and mining. There are two main branches in agriculture: crop and animal farming. Mining partially belongs to the secondary sector as mineral resources need industrial processing. Forestry, fishing, and bee-keeping also belong to this sector.

Manufacturing industries which produce goods by means of mechanical, electrical or chemical, but not manual, processing of resources belong to the secondary sector. People who do not produce goods but provide different services for plants and factories work for the secondary sector, for example plant and factory managers. The sector also includes companies that provide fuel, energy, and transport manufacturing.

The tertiary sector provides different services to consumers, such as trade, transport, banking, insurance and other public services. Teachers, doctors, tourist agents, drivers, lawyers, etc work in the tertiary sector.

In some countries, primary industries employ many more people than manufacturing or service industries. These countries are often called developing countries. In countries which started up manufacturing many years ago, the secondary and tertiary sectors employ many more workers that the primary sector. These are often called the most developing countries.

Notes

industrial processing –промышленная переработка bee-keeping - пчеловодство

Text 14 unemployment

We say that unemployment exists where people capable and willing to work are unable to find suitable paid job. But where an economy is adapting to “changing conditions”, there will always be some persons unemployed as they change jobs or as seasonal work comes to an end.

Unemployment may occur for many different reasons. There will always be people changing jobs. In certain occupations, e.g. unskilled labour in the construction industry, workers are not employed regularly by one employer. When a contract is completed labour is not required.

Employment in some industries, e.g. building, fruitpicking is seasonal in character. Seasonal employment can be reduced out of “season” and admit such persons as students and housewives during the busy period. Sometimes there are unemployed workers of particular occupation in one part of the country but a shortage of the same type of work in other parts.

Workers may be in “between jobs”. Some of them are looking for their first jobs, others are seeking better salaries. Young people search for their first jobs. This is called frictional unemployment. This type is usually short-term and regarded as inevitable.

Unemployment may also be caused by important changes in the structure of consumer demand and in technology. As a result some workers find that their skills and experience are unwanted by these changes. This type of unemployment is more long-term and regarded as more serious. It is known as structural unemployment.

Notes

to adapt - приспосабливаться out of season – с окончанием сезона

to occur – происходить inevitable- неизбежный