Текст до екзаменаційного білету №6

Setting up a limited company

Four men, Derek, Roger, Malcolm and John, have started a limited company in Britain. They are all investors and shareholders. Roger invested 20,000 pounds. John put in 10,000 pounds. Derek's contribution was 55,000 pounds, the capital of Malcolm being 15,000 pounds. The company is called

DRMS Ltd £ 100.000 (100,000×£l)

Derek is the majority shareholder (he owns the most shares).

Derek also has a controlling interest (he owns more than 50% of the shares). The company's capital (the money it has for buying goods and equipment) is 100,000 pounds.

The company's capital is divided into 100,000 shares of 1 pound each.

1 pound is the nominal value (or the par value, or the face value) of each share. Malcolm owns 15,000 shares. The nominal value of his shares is 15,000 pounds. After a year, the company makes 15,000 pound profit. This is divided between the shareholders. The company announces a dividend of 15 p. (pence) per share (15,000 pound profit — 100,000 shares).

Malcolm received 2,250 pounds (15,000 shares × 15 p.).

Текст до екзаменаційного білету №7

Investing in a limited company

When a limited company has started trading, you do not invest in shares by giving more capital to the company. You buy them from one of the Shareholders. If it is a private limited company, a shareholder can only sell shares if all the other shareholders agree. If it is a public limited company, shares can be bought and sold freely, usually at a Stock Exchange. If the company is doing well and paying high dividends, then you might pay more than the face value of the shares. If it is doing badly, you might pay less than the face value of the shares. The price you pay at the Stock Exchange (or to a shareholder) for your shares is their market value. If the company fails, it will stop trading and go into liquidation. This means that all the company's property and equipment (its assets) must be sold and the money from the sale will be used to pay its debts to its creditors. The shareholders may lose the money they paid for the shares. If the company still does not have enough money to pay all its debts, the shareholders do not have to pay any more money. In other words, the shareholders' liability for debts is limited to the value of their shares.

Текст до екзаменаційного білету №8

Sales and finance documentation

When you travel by train, you need a ticket as proof that you have paid. When you send a consignment of goods by rail or road you also need a receipt to prove the transport company has taken the goods. A consignment note is both a ticket and a receipt. A consignment note for goods sent by air is called an air consignment note or an air waybill. A consignment note for goods sent by sea is a Bill of Lading. A combined transport document is for goods sent by more than one means of transport.

When companies buy goods, they send an order to the suppliers. If the buyers are regular customers, the suppliers send the goods and then send an invoice. The buyers do not always pay the invoice immediately. Usually, the suppliers send a statement at the end of the month, which shows all the transactions between the suppliers and the buyers in that month. The buyers then pay the amount outstanding on that statement.

Sometimes when the suppliers receive an enquiry, they send a proforma invoice. This is a quotation, which looks like the final invoice so the buyers know how much they have to pay. If the suppliers do not know the buyers, the buyers might pay in advance against the proforma when placing their order.