1. Read and translate the text:

obesity – ожиріння

overweight – надмірна вага

height – ріст

tip the balance – порушити баланс

Obesity

Obesity means having too much body fat. It is different from being overweight, which means weighing too much. The weight may come from muscle, bone, fat and/or body water. Both terms mean that a person's weight is greater than what's considered healthy for his or her height.

Obesity occurs over time when you eat more calories than you use. The balance between calories-in and calories-out differs for each person. Factors that might tip the balance include your genetic makeup, overeating, eating high-fat foods and not being physically active.

Being obese increases your risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, arthritis and some cancers. If you are obese, losing even 5 to 10 percent of your weight can delay or prevent some of these diseases.

2. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What does obesity mean? 2. When does obesity occur? 3. The balance between calories-in and calories-out differs for each person, doesn’t it? 4. What factors might tip the balance between calories-in and calories-out? 5. What risk does being obese increase?

Lesson 9

At the Gynecological Department

1. Pre-reading activities

   1. Read and memorize the words:

breast cancer – рак молочної залози

breast self-examination – самообстеження молочних залоз

lump – пухлина

mammogram - маммографія

an external genital exam – зовнішній огляд статевих органів

a manual exam – мануальне обстеження

endometrial cancer – рак ендомерія

vaginitis – вагініт

2. Match the words-combinations:

a major risk to health видалення матки

the presence of a lump пов’язують з безпліддям

multiply rapidly зміни в хімічному складі

cervical cancer значний ризик для здоров’я

removal of the uterus наявність пухлини

early detection of cancer розмножуються швидко

changes in the chemical makeup рак шийки матки

associated with infertility раннє виявлення раку

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text: At the Gynecological Department

At the Gynecological Department women who suffer from

vaginitis, endometriosis, infertility and other diseases are treated.

To improve and maintain a healthy reproductive system, it is important for a woman to be aware of healthful behaviours and risk behaviours that affect this system. It is also important to plan for reproductive health.

Cancer of the breast is the most common form of cancer in women. Most cases of breast cancer occur after age 25, although some cases have been reported in younger women. Because breast cancer is a major risk to health, women are encouraged to perform breast self-examination. In breast self-examination, a woman checks her breasts to detect the presence of a lump. This examination should be done once a month after each menstrual period. If breast cancer is suspected, a mammogram may be ordered. A mammogram is an X-ray examination of the breasts. Another procedure used is thermography. Thermography is a process used to detect heat in the body. Because cancer cells multiply rapidly, they produce heat. Thermography can detect cancer in a breast.

If cancer in a breast is detected, treatment and cure may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy (хіміотерапія), or surgery. A combination of the three may be used. The treatment recommended will vary with the patient.

A pap smear (мазок) is a simple test in which cells from the cervix are examined in a laboratory for cancer. Should cervical cancer be detected (при виявленні раку шийки матки), options are available (обирається тип лікування) depending on the extent of the cancer. If surgery is necessary, a hysterectomy (екстирпація матки) may be performed. A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. Sometimes, surgical removal of the ovaries is necessary. Scheduling (планування) a pap smear at least once a year is a wise, preventive measure. It is important to remember about early detection of cancer. The earlier cancer is detected, the greater the success of treatment and cure.

Vaginitis (вагініт) is an inflammation or irritation in the vagina. It may result from changes in the chemical makeup of the lining of the vagina. These changes may be due to the prolonged use of medication or other factors that result in certain bacteria growing too rapidly. Some forms of vaginitis may result from sexual contact. Vaginitis can be treated and cured with medication. It can be prevented by practicing proper hygiene.

Sometimes, the tissue that is normally part of the menstrual flow is found grown outside the uterus. The condition is endometriosis and is often associated with infertility.

3. Post-Text Assignments

   1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

To improve and maintain a healthy reproductive system; affect this system; the most common form of cancer; after each menstrual period; cells from the cervix; surgical removal of the uterus; preventive measure; prolonged use of medication; result from sexual contact; outside the uterus.

2. Suggest the English equivalents:

рак молочної залози; самообстеження молочних залоз; виявити наявність пухлини; мамографія; термографія; променева терапія; мазок; швидкий ріст деяких бактерій; лікувати медикаментозно; дотримуватись необхідної гігієни; пов’язують з безпліддям.

3. Fill in:

1. Cancer of the breast is the most … form of cancer in women. 2. Most cases of breast cancer occur after age …. 3. This examination should be done once a … after each menstrual period. 4. Thermography is a process used to detect ... in the body. 5. Thermography can detect … in a breast. 6. The treatment recommended will … with the patient. 7. A pap… is a simple test in which cells from the cervix are examined in a laboratory for cancer.

4. Answer the questions to the text:

1. When do most cases of breast cancer occur? 2. What do the women check in breast self-examination? 3. How often should this examination be done? 4. What is a mammogram? 5. What is used to detect heat in the body? 5. What operation is performed if surgery is necessary? 6. What is vaginitis? 7. How can vaginitis be treated and cured? 8. What is endometriosis often associated with?