2. Read and translate the text: a scientist of genius

Mykola Pirogov was called a scientist of genius even in his life-time. His career as a researcher, excellent surgeon and clinician was tempestuous. At 18, he graduated from Moscow University; at 22, he became a Doctor of Science; at 26, he was a Professor at Derpt (now Tartu) University, one of the largest in Europe, and at 30, he headed Russia's first field surgery clinic. During his first 30 or so years in surgery, he started a new trend in the study of human anatomy and physiology, based on fundamentally novel methods. His major research works in this field contributed enormously to world science. To this day, Pirogov's methods are among the basic methods in the study and teaching anatomy.

Pirogov's life was dedicated to people. He was a field surgeon during four wars (in the Caucasus in 1847, in the Crimea in 1854, in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, and in the Russian-Turkish war in 1877), selflessly saving the lives of the wounded in the most difficult of conditions.

He in fact created a new medical science, field surgery, and suggested new, rational principles for the grouping, distribution and evacuation of the wounded. His work, "Fundamentals of Field Surgery" (1864), had soon become a reference book for field surgeons in all countries.

He formulated some of the most important principles of treating gunshot wounds, fractures, shock and wound infections and developed the most ingenious methods of performing operations.

He was also the first to apply, on a large scale, plaster of Paris bandages in field conditions (in Sevastopol, during the Crimean war), which was a revolution in field surgery. Almost 90 years later, during the Great Patriotic War, the Pirogov’s plaster of Paris was still widely used during the heroic defence of Sevastopol, and on all other fronts, helping save the lives of many thousands of soldiers.

Genuinely compassionate with the sick and the wounded, Pirogov did all his efforts to find ways of relieving their suffering. He was among the first to realize the importance of general anesthesia and to apply narcosis, doing all he could towards its introduction into surgery. He firmly believed that narcosis not only relieved pain, but created the optimum conditions for keeping up the patient's vital functions during an operation.

3. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What University did he graduate from? 2. What did he start a new trend in? 3. Whom was Pirogov's life dedicated to? 4. What was he during four wars? 5. What medical science did he create? 6. What did he apply in field conditions? 7. Pirogov did all his efforts to find ways of relieving suffering of wounded, didn’t he?

4. Say if it is true or false:

1. To this day, Pirogov's methods are among the basic methods in the study and teaching anatomy.

2. He was a field surgeon during two wars.

3. He created a new medical science, field surgery.

4. Pirogov was among the first to apply narcosis.

Future-in –the Past

В англійській мові майбутня дія, що розглядається з точки зору якогось минулого моменту, виражається окремою формою дієслова, яка зветься Future Indefinite-in-the-Past. Цей час трапляється у розповідях про минулі події при пере­казуванні у непрямій мові слів або думок якоїсь особи стосов­но майбутнього часу:

In his letter Peter wrote У своєму листі Петро пи-

that he would go to Warsaw in сав, що поїде до Варшави в January. січні.

Future Indefinite-in-the-Past утворюється з допоміжних діє­слів should і would та інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to:

I should work (I'd work).

He would work (He'd work).

She would work (She'd work).

They would work (They'd work).

У питальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:

Should we work?

Would they work?

У заперечній формі після допоміжного дієслова вживається частка not:

We should not work (We shouldn't work).

She would not work (She wouldn't work).

Exercise 1

Use the verbs in the brackets in the Future-in-the-Past Simple:

1. The student promised that he (to come) to school on time.

2. I don’t know that you (to leave) as soon.

3. We assured them that we (to help) Jonhnson’s.

4. The doctor said he (to visit) them soon.

5. I (to take) that job if they offered to me.

6. He (to light) his pipe and smile at us.

7. Meanwhile Marry (to bring) us some ginger bread and butter.

Самостійна робота №9