Ought to

Model

Meaning

Peculiarities

Example

Translation

ought to + Simple Infinitive

Moral duty, moral obligation

следует

You ought to look after your children better

Вам следует больше заботиться о детях.

ought to + Perfect Infinitive

smth has not been done, an action has not been carried out

You ought to have helped him (but you didn’t)

Вам следовало бы ему помочь.

Ought not + perfect infinitive

smth wrong has been done ( too late to change it)

She told him he ought not to have done it

Advisability

You ought to see a doctor.

We really ought to buy a new car, oughtn’t we?

Probability

smth naturally expected

You ought to be hungry by now

Apples ought to grow well here.

Вы, наверное, уже проголодались.

Здесь должны хорошо расти яблоки.

Model

Meaning

Peculiarities

Example

Translation

Should + non-perfect infinitive

You should be more careful.

Вам следует быть внимательнее.

Moral obligation, moral duty

All students should submit their work by present date

Не should phone his parents tonight, but he probably won’t have time.

Студенты должны сдать работу к сегодняшнему дню.

Он должен позвонить, но, вероятно, у него не будет времени на это.

weakened prohibition, negative advice

negative form

He shouldn’t be so impatient.

should + the perfect infinitive

criticism, faultfinding

smth desirable has not been done

Your shoes are wet. You should have stayed at home.

You shouldn’t have done that. It was stupid.

Не shouldn’t have taken the corner at such speed.

Вам не следовало это делать

Ему не следовало поворачивать за угол на такой скорости.

Advice, desirability

You should stay in bed.

Вам нужно (следует) лежать в постели.

Probability

We needn’t get ready yet. The guests shouldn’t come for another hour.

Гости вряд ли придут раньше, чем через час.

Model

Meaning

Peculiarities

Example

Translation

Shall + non-perfect infinitive

Promise, oath, or strong intention.

2^nd or 3^rd person (weak stress)

1^st person (strong stress)

It shall be done as you wish.

It shall be taken up at once, sir.

I want that prize and I ‘shall win it.

Его сейчас же отнесут наверх, сэр

Threat or warning

2^nd and 3^rd person

That day shall come.

The child shall be punished for it.

A suggestion or offer

1^st person singular and plural (questions)

“Shall I get you a chair?” – “Yes, please.”

Shall we begin? - Yes, let’s.

Принести вам стул? - Пожалуйста.

(Нам) начинать? - Давайте.