Загальна органолептична оцінка плодів черешні раннього строку достигання після заморожування та тривалого зберігання, бал

Сорт (фактор А)	Заморожування та термін зберігання (фактор В)				НІР05
	1.	2.	3.	4.
Мелітопольська чорна	4,9	4,4	4,3	4,3	0,12
Тотем	4,9	4,2	4,1	4,1	0,11
Аншлаг	4,9	4,5	4,4	4,4	0,10
Простір	4,9	4,5	4,5	4,5	0,10
НІР05	0,10	0,10	0,12	0,13

Примітка:1- до заморожування; 2- відразу після заморожування; 3-через три місяці зберігання; 4- через шість місяців зберігання.

Таким чином, за комплексом досліджуваних показників на придатність до заморожування та зберігання кращім в групі пізніх сортів достигання виділені плоди сорту Аншлаг.

Список використаних джерел. 1.Белинська С. Методологія розгортання функції якості швидкозамороженої плодоовочевої продукції / С. Белинська // Стандартизація. Сертифікація. Якість: Науково-технічний журнал. – 2008. - № 6. – С. 57-63. 2.Белінська С. Контроль якості швидкозамороженої плодово-овочевої продукції / С. Белінська, Н. Орлова, С. Сухина, О. Кулаченко // Харчова і переробна промисловість. – 2007. - № 12. – С. 26-27. 3.Завадская О. Замораживание плодоовощной продукции / О. Завадская // Харчова і переробна промисловість. – 2009. - № 1. – С. 52-59. 4.Іванова І.Є. Оцінка сортів черешні української селекції на придатність до заморожування, зберігання та наступної переробки: дис… канд.. с.-г. наук. 05.18.03. / І.Є. Іванова - Національний аграрний унв-т, 2005. – 145 с. 5.Иванченко В. И., Иванова И. Е. Оценка сортов черешни юга Украины для низкотемпературного замораживания //Виноградарство и виноделие. – 2001. - №3. – С. 36-39. 6.Иванченко В. И., Иванова И. Е. Оценка содержания сахаров в плодах черешни разных сроков созревания при замораживании и хранении в замороженном виде // Виноградарство и виноделие: Сб. науч. тр. ИВиВ «Магарач». – Ялта, 2001. – Т. 32. – С. 77-80.

7.Калин Ю. Способы переработки фруктов / Ю. Калин // Агровісник: науково-виробничий журнал. – 2008. - № 6/7. – С. 38-41. 8.Коробкина З.В. Прогрессивные методы хранения плодов и овощей.- К.: Урожай 1989 – с.126с. 9.Садівництво півдня України / Під. Ред.. В.П. Рульова.- Запоріжжя: «Дике поле», 2003. с.175 – 185.

УДК [631.17.001.7:631.234]=133.1

LES PRINCIPES D’INNOVATION DE LA CONSTRUCTION DES FERMES DANS LES CONDITIONS DE LA VILLE

Bedletsky Vitaliy Grygorovytch, gr. 11, faculté énergétique

Vynogradova M. S., maître-assistant de la chaire des langues étrangères

Dans l’article on fait l’analyse des problèmes liés avec l’augmentation de la production des produits alimentaires à cause de la croissance de l’humanité. On propose la solution des scientifiques qui concerne la construction des fermes verticales pratiquant la culture hydroponique.

У статті проаналізовано проблеми яки пов'язані із збільшенням виробництва продуктів харчування у зв'язку з ростом людства. Пропонується рішення вчених, яке стосується будівництва вертикальних ферм, практикуючих вирощування гідропонних культур

On sait que chaque année la population sur la Terre augmente constammement. Cela exige de produire de plus en plus de produits alimentaires. Et si l'humanité va dépasser la croissance agricole? Les scientifiques proposent les projets innovants des fermes de l’avenir, fermes verticales pratiquant la culture hydroponique.

L'agriculture traditionnelle utilise trop d'énergie et produit trop peu de nourriture. En 2025, la population mondiale augmentera de 8 milliards d'habitants. Et le climat devient plus aride ce qui est mauvais pour les terres agricoles dans le monde entier. Que deviendra-t-il si la croissance de l'humanité va dépasser la croissance agricole?

Les solutions doivent être recherchées maintenant! Des scientifiques proposent une méthode radicalement nouvelle de l'agriculture - ferme verticale. Ce gratte-ciel a 30 étages qui est en mesure de fournir des produits pour 50 000 habitants.

La culture hydroponique est une méthode de culture de plantes sans substrat. Au lieu du sol les racines des plantes sont situées dans un environnement sécurisé, avec les minéraux et de l'eau propre, la solution nutritive parfaitement équilibrée, et saturée d'oxygène. C'est un moyen sûr et efficace d'obtenir d'excellents résultats en peu de temps.

Ecologique, la culture hors-sol consomme entre 70 et 90 % d'eau en moins que dans une culture classique. Un type de pipeline a été développé par la société israélienne Organi Tech. Le courant lent du réservoir d'écoulement porte les plateaux flottants de transplants devant des dispositifs nutritifs de distribution, et à la fin de la semaine, les plantes sont prêtes pour la récolte. Ci-dessous les plantes nagent les poissons, tilapias, riches en protéines, dont les déchets contenant de l'ammoniac, se déposent au fond, où les bactéries les transforment en azote. Le système pompe de l'eau riche en azote pour les plantes qui consomment l'azote et retournent de l'eau propre pour les poissons.

La compagnie canadienne Omega Garden plante les transplants dans un milieu poreux, des plateaux remplis de vermiculite, minerai naturel, disposés dans un cylindre, qui tourne pour tremper régulièrement chaque rangée de plantes dans une solution nutritive.

Cette méthode présente l'utilisation de déchets municipaux, qui fournira les ressources de base dans la ferme. Les déchets vont au mécanisme de «SlurryCarb", conçu par EnerTech. Le dispositif chauffe et pressurise les déchets, les divise en carbone et en eau. La machine extrait l'eau, et un courant continu est brûlé dans une turbine à vapeur, qui produit de l'électricité. Le reste de l'eau usée est traitée avec des produits chimiques qui tuent les bactéries. Et après le chauffage et le séchage on reçoit la couche supérieure du sol. Le mécanisme est conçu par N-Viro. L'eau extraite des deux processus se filtre. L'eau purifiée répond aux besoins de l'agriculture. On fait le compost de n’importe quels déchets. A partir du compost on produit l'engrais et le gaz méthane qui peut être la source de l'énergie.

Avantages de la culture hydroponique :

On cultive beaucoup plus par rapport à la salle de culture.

• Gain de place pour les pots, la terre, etc...

• Excellente croissance, floraison luxuriante, récolte de qualité.

• Possibilité de s’absenter quelques jours grâce à l’automatisation relative d’un système hydroponique.

• Rendements souvent supérieurs à celui d’une culture en terre.

• Par rapport à une culture standard en sol, on peut gagner plus d'une semaine de temps avant la récolte.

• Traitement simplifié des maladies ou champignons par rapport à la terre.

• Propreté optimale .

• Substrat réutilisable à l’infini (billes d’argile).

• Pas de souci de sur/sous arrosage.

• Un seul système est nécessaire pour tout le cycle.

• Economie de l'eau et de l'électricité.

Inconvénients de la culture hydroponique :

• Coût élevé au commencement de la culture à l’achat du matériel.

• Obligation de surveiller régulièrement le pH et l’EC.

• Consommation accrue d’engrais.

• Obligation d’accroître la sécurité à cause de la proximité de l’eau et des câbles.

• Nécessité d'utiliser des bacs de qualité suffisante pour éviter les fuites pendant l'absence du cultivateur et les problèmes qui vont avec (débarquement des pompiers, et peut être des fonctionnaires de police...)

Conclusions

La technologie hydroponique dépasse les approches traditionnelles de l'impact environnemental, donne le rendement plus haut à un hectare et réduit considérablement la consommation d'eau.

Par sa flexibilité, cette méthode de culture alternative recèle un énorme potentiel d'opportunités, s'adapte à toutes les situations et permet de cultiver partout, aussi bien dans les villes que dans les campagnes les plus défavorisées.

Grâce au maintien de la certaine température atmosphérique et le climat dans une ferme, on cultive les cultures nécessaires et les récolte pendant toute l'année.

Les fermes verticales aideront à retourner une partie importante des terres agricoles dans la nature, les restaurer peu à peu après l'agriculture agressive avec l'utilisation de produits chimiques et d'engrais.

Cette décision permettra d'augmenter le nombre de forêts, qui à leur tour contribuent à la réduction des émissions de CO2 dans l'atmosphère.

Références.

1. http://www.encyclo-ecolo.com/Ferme_verticale

2. http://culture-hydroponique.com/

3. http://www.cityplantes.com/content/11-la-culture-hydroponique-ou-en-hydroponie

4. http://www.consoglobe.com/fermes-poussent-3296-cg

УДК [ 316.35 ]=111

GENDER POLICY IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE

Besedina V. O. 12 Ecol., ATE Faculty

Kravets O.O. English language advisor

Проблеми гендерної політики з точки зору положення жінки у світі та Україні розглядаються у статті.

In ancient times one man said, "We rule the world, and women rule us." In our time, this statement takes on new meaning, because of significant strengthening of women’s position in the social and political spheres. American economists Peterson Vermeyer called this phenomenon a "quiet revolution on a world scale."

Nowadays we hear the term "gender policy” and the aim of our article is to open the meaning of this term and to show the position of women in our country and in other countries of the world.

Gender is a term which uses for defining feminism, the so-called social gender, which according to the concept of feminism is the separation of the sexes. The idea of ​​the biological causes of separation of men and women in two different sexes are fundamentally wrong, and it was imposed by the patriarchal propaganda to justify the subordination of women to men. Feminists believe that reason, according to which women, for example, need to raise children, and men to work are flimsy, so the men can in the same way to bring up children.

For many centuries, women were fighting for equal rights and opportunities for women and men, but only since the mid-20th century women got the right to participate in government.

In modern political circles the term "gender policy” received a new life.

It is difficult to explain its meaning by simple words. The term is understood by different ways, so it can carry different meanings. The result of gender policy is a new social order or system of relations between people. The main purpose of the gender policy is to achieve gender equality.

Ideas of gender equality were first documented in the first UN program called "Women's development" (WID). The main provisions of the program are based on the fact that women can make a decisive contribution to the economic development of the world community.

At the end of XX century, women held 12% of seats in the Congress of the 106th convocation, 22% in state legislatures, and 6% of gubernatorial seats, 36% of the posts of vice-governors, and 27% other senior elected positions at the state level, 29.8% higher positions in the States, appointed by the Governor, 19% of the mayors of cities with populations greater than 30,000 residents and 13.9% of federal judges.

Thus, increasing the participation of women in political life, both in Canada and in the U.S., no doubt became apparent. It was promoted by many circumstances, among which the most important are:

• female population become an independent active part of the electorate;

• activities of the women's movements in a developed democratic and civil society;

• changes in the whole system of relations of political parties with the female part of the community as a response to the new requirements of the times.

Nowadays, more and more women came to power. Angela Merkel is an excellent example of gender equality. She is the 8th Federal Chancellor of Germany. She is a great woman who has just proved to everybody that woman can manage.

United States is a progressive country. It was the first who supported the program of "Women's development" (WID) of the UN and made a lot for the progress on this way. For example, the Obama’s cabinet has about 5 women who run this country.

But with regard to Ukraine, we can say by the words of former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Borys Tarasyuk. He said that in Ukraine is "something wrong" with the gender policy, because almost all political forces were headed by men. According to Tarasiuk’s words, the presence of women in Parliament and other authorities would benefit everyone: men, and the whole state. "Increasing the presence of women in parliament and other branches of government will benefit the state, men," - he said.

In conclusion, it should be noted that every year all over the world, women are fighting for equality. Women do not want to stay at home and be housewives, they want to take an active part in the life of their country.

Список літератури.

1. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0157/analit04.php

2. http://2000.net.ua/2000/derzhava/obschestvo/42604

3. http://health-ua.com/articles/1585.html

4. http://vartovy.org.ua/chto-skryvaetsya-pod-ponyatiem-gendernaya-politika.html

5. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

УДК 172=111

A PIECE OF ADVICE IN DEVELOPMENT OF RESUME WRITING SKILLS FOR UNIVERSITY GRADUATES

Bezzadova H.S., faculty of economics and business, master student, group 11, Accounting

Zhukova T.V., English language advisor

The article highlights description of the resume writing process. Some tips of writing a good resume are presented. The main requirements to resume writing are covered. Importance of a resume when applying for a job is grounded.

В статті сформульовано визначення поняття «резюме» та представлені поради з написання успішного резюме. Також представлені основні вимоги до написання резюме. Обгрунтовано важливість резюме при прийомі на роботу. Стаття висвітлює основні моменти процесу написання резюме.

A resume is a written document that lists your work experience, skills, and educational background. It is used as a marketing tool for job seekers. A typical résumé contains a summary of relevant job experience and education. The resume is usually one of the first items along with a cover letter and sometimes an application for employment which a potential employer sees regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview.

The summary is a very important thing when applying for a job. It gives you a summary of the professional portrait. It is very important that you made the right.

Writing a good resume you can hope that you will take on the job. If you have a bad resume - be sure that the employer you will never call.

Meanwhile, the summary is not an autobiography, either in form or in content. The specialist should reflect in summary, moreover in summary form, the only thing that could really be of interest to the employer.

Through the hands of the employer are hundreds of resumes. Your resume will be read no more than two-three minutes and you need so it up to give the most accurate and necessary information about your professional qualities in this short period of time.

Although the strict requirements for the summary and does not exist in its drafting should follow a certain order.

First of all, the text of the executive summary must be placed on one page. A sheet of paper of A4 format, be sure to printed text. The font is normal, readable size.

Summary necessarily need to write in the Russian language if only in the declaration does not explicitly stated otherwise. Unfortunately, some of the neglect of this requirement, sending a resume in English. Thus, they were probably trying to impress his deep knowledge of a foreign language. But the effect is often the opposite. Employers usually consider such manners foppery. Understand that the summary - this is your party, it is finally a certificate to the goods, as are you.

As for dressing up one should make it look professional with no spelling or grammatical errors, use italics or bold lettering to draw attention to significant points.

We should not use colors to attract attention or highlight certain areas, use too many fonts, making it too dense and/or use pictures.

The resume has to look professional. After you are done putting your resume together have it printed on resume paper. Resume paper is thicker, more expensive paper. Just like when you have to dress up for an interview, your resume needs to look dressed up to be the best representation of you.

The style of the resume should celebrate:

• brevity,

• concreteness,

• selectivity (do not write excess),

• honesty.

For resume writing, to the extent possible we should follow the rules: how can I learn more about the employer and about what he wants.

At the beginning of the summary it is necessary to submit the personal information, such as first name, last name, patronymic name, date of birth, age, marital status, address, telephone, fax and e-mail.

The objective of written of a resume is the vacancy you are applying for. This is statement of what you actually want to do. In other words you should show what you can do for the company more than what the company can do for you.

We have to indicate the educational institutions you finished in reverse order. High school shouldn’t be indicated.

One should specify:

• the name of the educational institution;

• faculty;

• specialty under the diploma.

If you have diploma with honors, make sure you check it.

In the column education additional you should specify the names of courses, internships, trainings, seminars are relevant to your chosen job.

The record of the previous place of work must bring in reverse chronological order; with the most fully describe the last place of work. Employers are not interested in who you were and what you were doing five years ago and the more than ten. You should indicate the month and year of entry into employment, month and year of termination, the name of the company, the scope of the activities of the organization and your position.

We have to draw your attention to more information. You can include anything that increases your value in the eyes of the employer. Here you can also report on the availability of a driver's license, skills of work on the personal computer, knowledge of foreign languages, the list of their publications, awards, diplomas competitions (if any), and specify other information.

What is not necessary to indicate in summary is all of your labour biography, your physical data, photo, the reasons why you left from work and due from the salary.

The main principle of the summary is to highlight all of your dignity, and to brighten up (hide) your shortcomings.

And finally, before submitting a resume read it several times. Even better if someone will check it. It is better to prepare summary in several versions even for one and the same employer, in printed and electronic form.

References.

1. There sumewriter’s workbook / StanleyKrantman. - Copyright - 2001

2. http://www.rockportinstitute.com/resumes

3. http://www.dailywritingtips.com/resume-writing-tips

504.05=111

THE END OF THE WORLD – WAS IT A FICTION OR A WARNING?

Bilogurov Vitaliy, 21 agronomy

Krivonos I.A., English adviser

Матеріал доповіді торкається «інформаційної бомби» щодо кінця світу 21.12.2012 року. Аналізується проблема екологічної катастрофи в світі та наводиться власна відповідь на запитання до теми.

To know why the world in its present incarnation must end, we should first know what the world is. Every incarnation of this world is a manifestation of its particular quantum state and it has a very, very precise duration. All periodic dissolutions of physical world are regular. It's only a matter of time when the world must be dissolved in its present state.

The objective of our research is to analyze the information in different sources of the mass media about the End of the World on December the twenty-first in 2012 and give the own answer to the main question of our topic.

When we have analyzed some Internet websites, newspaper press and have watched a lot of news about the End of the World on the twenty-first of December in 2012 long before that date, we have found interesting, cognitive but frightening information about it. It was a real information bomb. The story started with claims that Nibiru, a supposed planet discovered by the Sumerians, is headed toward Earth. This catastrophe was initially predicted for May 2003, but when nothing happened the doomsday date was moved forward to December 2012 and linked to the end of one of the cycles in the ancient Mayan calendar at the winter solstice in 2012 - hence the predicted doomsday date of December the twenty-first in 2012. But the Mayan connection "was a misconception from the very beginning," says Dr. John Carlson, director of the Center for Archaeoastronomy. "The Maya calendar did not end on December the twenty-first in 2012, and there were no Mayan prophecies foretelling the end of the world on that date." As some scientists argue, this date is the end of the Mayan long-count period but then just as our calendar begins again on January the first another long-count period begins for the Mayan calendar.

We’ve had similar scares in the recent past, but none quite like this. The last time the world got all worked up over the mystical turning of a calendar was the false Millennium of January the first in 2000. Throughout history, end-of-the-world movements missing their mark number in the "hundreds of thousands at the very least, says Richard Landes, historian at Boston University and director of its Center for Millennial Studies. But people eager for the world to end are not to be denied.

Now we'd like to define the main problem of our research: any prophecies foretelling concerns not only the world catastrophe but the ecological ones. As we can notice, the perception that we are in an ecological crisis can no longer be dismissed as apocalyptic. In ways that are all too concrete, the accelerating degradation of our environment threatens life on Earth. Global warming has already changed climatic patterns, with consequences ranging from unusual and unpredictable weather to an increase in the quantity and severity of storms, droughts, floods, and fires. Icecaps melt, the ozone layer thins. Air is polluted with fossil fuel emissions and toxic chemicals; water with pesticides, agricultural and industrial waste, and metals that kill fish or make them inedible; soil with plastics and other synthetic, non-biodegradable materials. The mass-production and distribution practices of corporate agriculture and marketing destroy much of the nutritional value of food while contaminating it with chemicals, hormones, and now genetically modified organisms introduced without regard to the inevitable unforeseen consequences. Animals are raised in unhealthy conditions and given antibiotics to counteract them, resulting in a precipitous rise of resistant microorganisms that threatens our ability to fight infectious disease. Facing a rapidly diminishing supply of fossil fuels we invest not in clean, renewable sources of energy but in nuclear reactors that are vulnerable to accident and terrorism and produce ever-growing piles of radioactive waste with a half-life of thousands of years. Meanwhile cancer rates rise and affect younger and younger people, while asthma is an urban epidemic.

Nowadays the Earth accommodates more than five billion people. Half of which are undernourished. More than four million deaths occur each year from starvation. Mankind has finally realized the threat of increasing population and has faced the fact that something must be done. The food-supply increase lags considerably behind the immense growth of population. Besides conditions for crops growth steadily become worse due to numerous kinds of environmental pollution. Today's man consistently contributes to his own deadly crisis. We have got too many cars, too many factories, too much waste and carbon dioxide, too little water and food deficiency - all that can be easily traced to abundant human population. We agree with many western scientists who say that our world is going through an ecological crisis which will mean the gradual destruction of the human race. Our scientists are not that pessimistic, although they do think that man's increased influence on the planet is posing a growing threat to the biosphere. It is not too late to forestall what could be drastic and irreversible changes in the environment and ensure that the world will be a healthy place for the present and future generations to live in.

Though the ecological crisis does not affect everyone equally or in the same way, in the end it threatens the human habitat on which we all depend, regardless of economic status, nationality, race, sex, or age.

We’d like to agree with Rui Santos de Souza, from Brazil, who has written in his Website on December the ninth in 2012 the World is over, long ago. What has been destroyed once more can not finish at once. The Earth is eternal, because it became the Hell of humanity, and heaven has been destroyed by man, and only left the eternal Hell for us. Now is paying all our sins against our fellow men, against the other species, and against Mother Nature.

Finally, in conclusion, we would like to summarize our findings. The information about the End of the World was not a fiction; it was an insistent warning to think about the future of our planet. Having analyzed some studies, we can say that there are some solutions of this problem: think and solve the ecological problems right now; develop better recycling systems, fine people who damage and ruin wildlife and countryside beauty; arrange daily rubbish collection by recycling enterprises, take care about our environment. As a result, without thinking about the predictions of any catastrophe we’ll have less litter in the streets, prevent the spread of diseases, and reduce the amount of rubbish and save natural resources.

But unfortunately, nowadays we have the extreme growth of population, people need more and more resources and produce a lot of garbage, so crisis have no end, as long as people exist.

References.

1. Ben Macintyre. We can scoff at the Mayan prophecy, but humans instinctively join the tribe when confronted by danger (December 20th, 2012) / Ben Macintyre // The Times. – 2012.

2. NICK BILTON. Be Ready for the End of the World, Or an Emergency of a Lesser Sort (December 19th, 2012) / NICK BILTON // New York Times. – 2012.

3. RANDAL C. ARCHIBOLD. As Doomsday Flops, Rites in Ruins of Mayan Empire (December 21st, 2012) / RANDAL C. ARCHIBOLD // New York Times. – 2012.

4. 21.12.2012 Prophecy End of time End of the World // Endoftime2012.com. – Режим доступу: endoftime2012.com

5. Beyond 2012: Why the World Didn't End // Earth. Your future. Our mission. – Режим доступу: nasa.gov›topics/earth/features/2012.html

УДК 504.05=111

ECO-CRIMES OF HUMANITY

Bodrov O., group 23, Power Engineering Faculty

Shevchenko S.P., instructor of English, Foreign languages department

Статтю призначено найголовнішій проблемі сучасності – забрудненню оточуючого середовища. Автор наводить деякі приклади екологічних злочинів людства та надає рекомендації щодо їх скорочення.

Each of us in the developed world has played our part in creating the problem of catastrophic global warming and while there is no doubt that coordinated global action is needed to solve it, we can each be part of this solution.

So, ask yourself:”How green am I?” You might think you are doing the best for the environment, but even if you don’t buy battled water, buy local produce and reuse your plastic bags, chances are that you have some habits that are far more environmentally damaging that you realize. Every day people commit many eco-crimes. Let’s speak about some of them.

Food wastage. Of all the factors of overconsumption that disturb both human society and the global environment, food wastage is the most shocking. US household throw away around 30% of their food. Similar levels of wastage are seen in Europe. In the UK, some 6.7 million tones of food are binned annually. The annual cost to UK consumers of food wastage is £ 10 billion and the cost to the environment is the equivalent of an extra 15 million tones of CO₂.

For almost all the food we buy, the bulk of its greenhouse gas emissions arise here. This is especially true for meat and dairy produce. For example 40.200 tones of milk are wasted each year in the UK, adding up to the equivalent of 40.000 tones of CO₂. This is comparable to the annual CO₂ emissions of 10.000 cars, or of flying 30.000 people from London to New York and back. Waste & Resources Action Program, examined just why people throw so much food away. The most common reasons were that the food had been left on plates after a meal, was out of date, or simply “looked bad”.

In Ukraine food wastage is not so high, but, as you know, people make a lot of litter. In 2011, Ukrainians have thrown out in trash 30% of food products with total amount of 5 billion UAH. Contribute to the decrease of the quantity of food wastes may each of us. It is enough just to handle properly the products that you buy for your home cooking.

So, as consumers we should also think more carefully before we shop. Check what you have already got, make a shopping list and, most importantly, don’t shop when you are hungry.

Laundry. Fast fashion has created textile that mountains in many homes. Besides, advertisers ensure us that our shirts must always be “whiter than white”, our sheets should forever smell spring flowers or French perfume, and that to be dressed in freshly laundered clothes at all times is a rule of success. But it is shockingly wasteful in terms of water, detergents and energy.

One study found that over 80% of the CO₂ emissions produced during the life cycle of a single cloth arose from cleaning and drying it.

It is easy to see the consequence of these emissions. A full load in a washing machine uses around 1.2 kilowatt – hours of electricity per cycle and tumble drying clocks up to 3.5 kilowatt – hours, resulting in over 2 kilograms of CO₂ emissions per wash. With four or five loads per week, the total annual emissions from each home can easily pass the half-tone mark. Washing at lower temperatures and full loads will help to reduce laundry emissions.

Toilet paper. Toilet paper manufacturers have long provided options for environmentally conscious consumers. Top of the list is 100% recycled paper, which avoids much of the energy use and emissions associated with harvesting and processing new wood. Every kilogram of recycled tissue saves some 30 liters of water and 3-4 kilowatt-hours of electricity. Since 1 kilowatt- hour grid electricity is responsible for around 500 grams of CO₂, which means a saving of 1.5 to 2 tones of CO₂ per ton of tissue.

Recycled toilet paper is most widely used in Europe and Latin America, but even there it still only accounts for 1 in 5 rolls. But recycled paper can’t compete on softness so some use of new wood by the toilet paper industry may be inevitable. Sourcing, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) approved toilet tissue will help to ensure that any new wood fibers that are added to the mix have come from sustainable forestry projects that protect, rather than threaten, old-growth forest ecosystems.

In Ukraine recycled toilet paper is not very popular because it is rather expensive. But we have some problems with paper waste and rational usage of it. A few decades ago, when the volume of production of cardboard and paper was far less and before mankind has not faced the problem of environmental and energy crises, paper associated with something unpleasant, inherent in all debris and waste. Trash, as a source of raw materials, was not given proper attention. In modern society, waste paper is the main raw material of the paper industry. As the processing of waste paper allows to solve the problem of reduction of quantity of the household waste in densely populated areas and large cities. From 10 to 30% of the solid domestic waste in Ukraine is paper. One ton of recycled waste paper safeguards from the felling of a half dozen of the trees of the age of about 30 years. At present Ukraine is not able to meet their needs in the natural pulp at the expense of own resources. Despite this, in our country there is a lack of waste paper and about 100-120 thousand tons of this paper we have to annually import from abroad.

The system of recycling waste paper in Ukraine is rather primitive. On the one hand, the purchase price of waste paper is so low that not all citizens, even those living below the poverty line, are ready to engage in its collection. On the other hand, significantly increasing the price this is not possible, as in this case, the processing of waste paper will be unprofitable. Thus, it should be recognized very unpopular conclusion from all of this - the mass harvesting of waste paper to the population it is impossible to stimulate economics. It is a question of ecological culture. So, it is necessary to raise the level of collection of waste paper, first of all, due to social advertising.

This list is far from complete. Perhaps you would include air conditioning, using sprays or production of plastic bags. What’s not in doubt is that all the effects of our everyday decision can make a big difference to the global environment. Knowing just how damaging they are today may help us to make better choices tomorrow.

Bibliography.

1. Sue Stewart. Recycling. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. – 72 p.

2. Dave S. Reay Five eco-crimes we commit every day/ Dave S. Reay// English 4U. – 2010. – № 4 (88). – p. 18-19.

УДК 621. 311=111

PROBLEMS OF USING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Borovyk Roman, student of 21 group, Power Engineering faculty, TSATU

Velcheva O.I., English language advisor