Which word?

toward adj vs. toward prep

[`təuəd] / [tO:rd] [tə`wO:d]

toward [`təuəd] / [tO:rd] adj – майбутній; прийдешній, наступний, наступний; toward(s) [tə`wO:d(z)] prep – до; у напрямку до; стосовно, по відношенню до; для, зтим щоб;

Task 8. Which term from the box is being defined?

a line of credit	ownership equity
capital structure	financial accounting

• an amount of credit that a bank, company, etc. makes available to a person or a company for a particular period; an amount of credit extended to a borrower;

• the balance between the assets and liabilities of a company, the nature of its assets, and the composition of its borrowings;

• a financial term for the difference between a company’s assets and liabilities – that is, the value that accrues to the owners (sole proprietor, partners, or shareholders).

• reporting of the financial position and performance of a firm through financial statements issued to external users on a periodic basis;

Task 9. Verb, noun or adjective? Define which parts of speech are the words in italics.

1. Long-term funds are provided by ownership equity and long-term credit, often in the form of bonds.

2. The balance between these forms the company’s capital structure.

3. A company utilizes short-term capital to pay for items that last a relatively short period of time.

4. In obtaining and using capital, the decisions made by managers affect the overall financial success of a company.

5. The financial decision is directed toward the future of the firm.

6. There is currently a move towards converging and consolidating finance provisions into shared services within an organization.

7. Managing money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an organization.

Task 10. Revise the word-building rules. Use the flexions in the box and the stems below to form new words.

re-	-ly	-ship
un-	-ful	-ment

1. pay;	3. likely;	5. current;	7. success;
2. most;	4. owner;	6. arrange;	8. relative.

Task 11. Match the words in column A with their antonyms in column B.

A	B
same likely balance external separate to obtain to provide short-term	centralized; imbalance; to provide; long-term; unlikely; different; to utilize; internal;

Task 12. Find synonyms among the following words from the text “What is Finance?” (Part II) (Task 4).

1. to acquire; 2. (finance) preparation, (finance) planning; 3. aspect; 4. to assure, to guarantee; 5. salaries; 6. assured, certain; 7. to concentrate, to consolidate; 8. at present; nowadays; 9. common, mutual; 10. to converge; 11. correct; 12. currently; 13. to endure; 14. duplicate; 15. essential; 16. to ensure; 17. exact, identical, true; 18. external; 19. to last; 20. independent, discrete; 21. indispensable, necessary; 22. move; 23. to look for, to try; 24. outside; 25. (finance) provisions; 26. to obtain; 27. overall; 28. to provide; 29. point of view; 30. proper; 31. to seek; 32. remuneration, wage; 33. to supply; 34. secure;

35. to use; 36. separate; 37. shared; 38. total, universal, general; 39. trend; 40. to utilize.

Task. 13. Use the prepositions from the box in the following phrases. Refer to the text “What is Finance?” (Part II) (Task 4) to check your answers.

for	in ×2	between	with ×2	by ×2
	of ×6		into
over	on ×2	toward(s) ×2	from ×2	within

… the other hand; … an organization; to pay … new assets; in the form … bonds; a move … converging; to extend a line … credit; concerned … the reporting; decisions made … managers; … obtaining and using capital; aspects … business management; directed … the future … the firm;

to be repaid … less than one year; a number … separate departments; the balance … forms of financing; duplicate … the financial function; to obtain capital … external sources; to perform tasks … different locations; financing … a short-term arrangement; to be repaid … a longer period … time; funds are provided … ownership equity; consolidating finance provisions … shared services;

Task 14. Use proper articles in the following phrases. Explain the use of the articles.

1. … number of separate finance departments performing … same tasks;

2. long-term funds are often provided in … form of bonds;

3. they affect … overall financial success of … company;

4. it is one of … most important aspects;

5. on … other hand;