31. Territorial variants of English in the lexicological aspect.

It should of course be noted that the British English is not the only existing variant. There are several other variants where difference from the British standard is normalized. There are Aus­tralian English, Canadian English, Indian English, New Zealand English.

American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States. The use of English in the United States was inherited from British colonization. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America in the 17th century.

Differences in morphology

- Examples of verbed nouns are: interview, advocate, vacuum, lobby, etc.

- Compounds coined in the U.S.: teenager, brainstorm, hitchhike

- Many compound nouns have the form verb plus preposition: rundown ("summary"), takeover, rollback ("decrease").

- Some prepositional and phrasal verbs are in fact of American origin: figure out, hold up, check in

- Noun endings such as: -ee (refugee), -ery (bakery), -ster (gangster) and -cian (beautician)

- Some verbs ending in -ize are of U.S. origin: prioritize, editorialize, customize.

Canadian English is the variety of North American English used in Canada. Approximately 17 million have English as their native language.

Canadian English is the product of four waves of immigration and settlement over a period of almost two centuries.

Waves of immigration

1) permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and linguistically the most important, was the influx of British Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States.

2) from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada, who were worried about anti-English sentiment among its citizens.

3, 4) from around the globe peaking in 1910 and 1960 had a lesser influence, but they did make Canada a multicultural country, ready to accept linguistic change from around the world during the current period of globalization.

Canadian spelling of the English language combines British and American rules.

Most notably, French-derived words that in American English end with -or and -er, such as color or center, usually retain British spellings (colour, honour and centre), although American spellings are not uncommon.

In other cases, Canadians and Americans stand at odds with British spelling, such as in the case of nouns like tire and curb, which in British English are spelled tyre and kerb. Words such as realize and recognize are usually spelled with -ize rather than -ise.

Where CanE shares vocabulary with other English dialects, it tends to share most with American English; however, many terms in standard CanE are shared with Britain.

In some cases the British and the American vocabulary to various extent.

# holiday vacation often used interchangeably

As a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Canada shares many items of institutional terminology with the countries of the former British Empire

e.g., constable, for a police officer of the lowest rank

But in Canada only the term freshman (usually reduced to frosh) is used.

Canadian students use the term marks (more common in England) or grades to refer to their results.

New Zealand English. Differences from British English:

-- Use of mixed vowels

E.g. Transplant

-- Rising inflection (known in linguistics as a high rising terminal)

Use of she as third person neuter

-- e.g. "She'll be right" - "It will be okay" or "It is close enough to what is required"

Australian English began diverging from British English shortly after the foundation of the Australian penal colony of New South Wales in 1788.

Australianisms fall into 6 categories:

-- Words from the aboriginal languages: boomerang, kangaroo

-- Extensions of pre-existing senses: bush - natural vegetation, ranch

-Novel compounds:bushman-sb.skilled in traversing the bush,bushranger-an armed bandit

-Novel fixed phrases:colonial ale, wild banana

-- Coinage: go slow - a form of industrial protest in which employees work to rule, woop-woops - remote country

-- Words with greater currency in Australia than elsewhere, including new applications of words from British regional dialects: dinkum - reliable, larrikin - hooligan.

Indian English. The role of English within the complex multilingual society of India is far from straightforward: together with Hindi it is used across the country, but it can also be a speaker's first, second, or third language, and its features may depend heavily on their ethnicity and caste. The grammar of Indian English has many distinguishing features, of which perhaps the best-known are the use of the present continuous tense, as in 'He is having very much of property', and the use of isn't it as a ubiquitous question tag: 'We are meeting tomorrow, isn't it?' The first example rejects another characteristic of the language, which is to include intrusive articles such as in or of in idiomatic phrases. Verbs are also used differently, with speakers often dropping a preposition or object altogether: 'I insisted immediate payment', while double possessives - 'our these prices' (instead of the British English 'these prices of ours') - are commonplace.