Comprehension check Ex. 1. Read the text. Decide which sentence goes in each of the gaps in the text:

1. Discovering and setting goals is the main step in the planning process.

2. The scheduling and coordination of planned activities are essential to success.

3. Success can be judged only by comparing actual results with planned, desired results.

4. Flexibility insures that plans serve as carefully examined guides for managers.

5. Companies also need long-range plans to guide development for four-year periods, ten-year periods, or longer.

6. Two in particular are generally recognised: strategies and tactics.

Ex. 2. Translate paragraphs 2 and 3 in writing. Ex. 3. Read the text again and choose the correct alternative for each of the following questions:

1. What is the difference between strategies and tactics?

1. Strategies are long-term plans, and tactics are short-term ones.

2. Tactics are long-term plans, and strategies are short-term ones.

3. There is no difference, they are both long-range objectives.

2. What does it mean 'to establish strategies and tactics'?

1. It means to define the goals that should be met.

2. It means to make decision on the ways of achieve the established goals.

3. It means to find a person who will be responsible for them.

3. Why is it so important that the plans should be flexible?

1. In order to change them if the boss doesn't like these plans.

2. Because plans are usually designed with a lot of mistakes, which should be corrected.

3. Because managers should be able to react to changing conditions.

4. Plans should be feasible. What does it mean?

1. It means that an organisation have enough resources to implement these plans.

2. It means that an organisation can change these plans as quickly as it will be necessary.

3. It means that planned actions are defined clearly enough to be put into operation.

Ex. 4. Put 5-7 questions on the text so that they cover its content.

3.5. Специальность "Социальная работа"

УСТНЫЕ ТЕМЫ

Oral Topics

Topic 1. Social work. History

agency	[eıdзǝnsı]	орган (учреждение, организация)
rely	[rı'laı]	полагаться, доверять
charitable	['tsærıtǝbl]	благотворительный, милосердный
fraternal	[frǝ'tǝ:nl]	братский
response	[rıs'pɔns]	ответ
rural	['ruǝrǝl]	сельский
volunteer	[͵vɔlen'tıǝ]	доброволец, волонтер
improve	[ım'pru:v]	улучшать(ся), совершенствовать(ся)
neighborhood	['neıbǝhud]	соседство, близость
aid	[eıd]	помощь, поддержка
contribution	[͵kɔntrı'bju:ʃǝn]	вклад
policy	['pɔlısı]	политика, линия поведения

1. Social work became a profession with the founding of the first social service agencies in the late 1800's. Before that time, the needy relied upon charitable individuals and certain religious groups and fraternal societies for assistance.

2. Social service agencies developed in response to changes that took place in society during the Industrial Revolution, a period of great industrial development that had begun in the 1700's. During this period, the growth of populations and industries, together with the movement of people from rural areas to cities, brought such problems as overcrowding, unemployment, and poverty.

3. One of the first social service agencies was the Charity Organization Society, founded in London in 1869. Its counsellors, called "friendly visitors," went as volunteers to the homes of needy people and performed services, some of which were similar to those of present-day social workers. Such services later became known as casework. Charity Organization Societies also were founded in the United States and Canada.

4. Another type of social service agency that began in the late 1800's was the settlement house. These centers worked to improve living conditions in city neighbourhoods and helped immigrants deal with the problems that come with living in a new country. Group work and community organization work developed out of the settlement house movement.

5. The New York School of Philanthropy was the first school to train people for jobs with social agencies. This school, now the Columbia University School of Social Work, was founded by the United States' Charity Organization Society in 1898 in New York City. By the early 1900's, many state and local governments in the United States had started to provide social services financed by tax funds. The U.S. government created the social security program in 1935, during the Great Depression. Under this program, the government became a major source of public aid.

6. Americans who have made important contributions to the development of social work include Jane Addams, Mary E. Richmond, Grace L. Coyle, Gordon Hamilton, and Bertha Reynolds. Addams was a leader of the settlement house movement. Richmond wrote the first scientific study of casework techniques in social work, Social Diagnosis (1917). Coyle helped develop group practice in social work. Hamilton built on Richmond's work and formulated one of the major approaches to casework. This approach stressed the importance of establishing specific goals for individuals receiving help. Reynolds, through her teaching and leadership, showed how social work could be used to influence public policy.