Exercise 3.7. Use the first or second conditional.

1. If it (rain) this weekend, we (not be able) to play tennis. 2. Give me Peter’s letter. If I (see) him, I (give) it to him. 3. I have to work about 80 hours a week, so I’m very busy. But if I (have) any spare time, I (take up) a sport like golf. 4. If I (be) taller, I (can) be a policeman, but I’m too short. 5. Please start your meal. If you (not have) your soup now, it (go) cold. 6. What noisy neighbours you’ve got! If my neighbours (be) as bad as your, I (go) crazy. 7. If you (have) any problems, let me know and I (come) and help you straight away. 8. You’re a brilliant cook! If I (can) cook as well as you, I (open) a restaurant. 9. If there (be) some nice fish in the supermarket, you (buy) some for supper? 10. “We have mice in the kitchen”. “If you (have) a cat, the mice soon (disappear).

Exercise 3.8. Correct the mistakes.

1. I’ll make some cake if he will come. 2. If I’ll see Peter, I’ll tell him to phone you. 3. If you don’t be careful, you’ll lose your money. 4. If I’ll go back to my country, I’ll write to you. 5. If I could travel round the world, I’ll go to Hawaii. 6. If you would come from my country, you would understand what I’m saying.

IV. Условные предложения III типа выражают неосуществимые предположения, относящиеся к прошедшему времени, и переводятся на русский язык так же, как и условные предложения II типа. В главной части предложения употребляются формы should (would, might, could) + the Perfect Infinitive, а в придаточной – the Past Perfect Tense.

Model:

If I had seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it.

Если бы я видел его вчера, я спросил бы его об этом.

Exercise 4.1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

A.

1. She wouldn’t have come if she hadn’t been invited. 2. We would not have lost our way if the night had not been so dark. 3. They would have sent us some information if there had been anything to send. 4. You’d have found your fountain-pen if you had looked for it better. 5. I’d have recognized him at once if it hadn’t been so dark in the room. 6. The accident wouldn’t have happened if the driver had observed the traffic rules. 7. She would have made toasts for them if something hadn’t gone wrong with the gas-stove. 8. If I had consulted my own interests, I’d never have come. 9. If it hadn’t rained so beastly yesterday, we shouldn’t have stayed at home. 10. If he had experimented alone, he would never have finished the work. 11. If no one had come, they would have postponed the meeting. 12. If you hadn’t interrupted him, he would have continued his work.

B.

1. Their communication would have been more vivid if it had been illustrated with examples. 2. If this statement had not been assumed, K would have been found to be proportional to A₂/a. 3. If anoxia had hindered active expulsion of water, it would have led to excessive accumulation in cells. 4. Two antidromic volleys could have responded if they had been separated by a time interval less than 50 msec. 5. If the F – zygote had been similarly poisoned, a viable zygote might not have been formed. 6. The migration of the placental animals into Australia must have been blocked and this could only have happened if Australia had become isolated from the rest of the world. 7. One might never have known that strain A carried a symbiotic phase unless it had been mixed with the susceptible strain B and found to lyse it. 8. If we had given the culture the very high dose initially, we should most likely have killed it completely. 9. If the potential had been suddenly increased, very little current would have flown through the membrane. 10. If the isolated frog-skin had been “short-circuited”, the current generated by the skin would have been identical with Na influx.

Exercise 4.2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Refer the sentences to the Past.

1. If he … his father’s advice, he … himself in that miserable state (follow, not find). 2. If my friend … there, everything … different (be, be). 3. He … this post if it … vacant (offer, be). 4. If she … this piece of painting, she … it (like, buy). 5. If anything …, he … you know (happen, let). 6. If the girl … the telephone call, she never … the good news (not answer, hear). 7. If they … dictionaries, they … the article correctly (bring, can translate). 8. If there … a strong wind, it … impossible to swim in the lake (be, be). 9. If you … to the laboratory in time, we … our experiment (come, begin). 10. He … his train if you … him more (miss, keep).

Exercise 4.3. Change the following sentences using Conditionals of the third type. Follow the example.

Example: You wouldn’t say so if you only saw her (then).

You wouldn’t have said so if you only had seen her then.

1. If I had money, I should go to Moscow to see its sights (last winter). 2. If he were here, he would tell us what to do (the day before). 3. If we stayed a little longer, we’d meet him (yesterday). 4. If you worked regularly, you’d get better marks (last term). 5. If they had a car, they would drive to the South (last summer). 6. She would come if it didn’t rain (yesterday). 7. He would invite me to the theatre if he had an extra ticket (last Sunday). 8. I’d be disappointed if you didn’t come (on that day). 9. If he knew the facts, he would help me (last night).

Exercise 4.4. Complete the following sentences.

A.

1. We should have written the exercise if … . 2. I’d have chosen that profession if … . 3. The experiment would have ended in failure if … . 4. You would never have met him if … . 5. We should have missed the lecture if … . 6. They would have laughed at her if … . 7. I should have stayed alone if … . 8. Would you have believed if … . 9. Nothing would have gone wrong with the pen if … .

B.

1. … if you had chosen your friends more carefully. 2. … if I hadn’t forgotten his address. 3. … if she had gone there at once. 4. … if we hadn’t left so early. 5. … if they had looked through the article. 6. … if you had followed my advice. 7. … if they had seen that picture. 8. … if you hadn’t failed at the exam. 9. … if I hadn’t spoken with your teacher last week. 10. … if they hadn’t sent the girl away.

Exercise 4.5. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Если бы он был свободен вчера, он навестил бы меня. 2. Если бы вы были вчера на концерте, вы получили бы большое удовольствие. 3. Если бы я знала об этой статье раньше, я перевела бы ее. 4. Соревнования состоялись бы, если бы не полил сильный дождь. 5. Он никогда бы не узнал меня, если бы я с ним не заговорила. 6. Девочка не волновалась бы так сильно, если бы ей не задавали так много вопросов. 7. Если бы вы помогли ей, она уже бы закончила работу. 8. Вы бы не устали так вчера, если бы больше отдыхали. 9. С ним ничего бы не случилось, если бы он не торопился. 10. Если бы вы попросили меня об этом неделю назад, я помогла бы вам сразу. 11. Если бы я был на вашем месте тогда, я поступил бы иначе. 12. Если бы вы просмотрели старые газеты, вы нашли бы интересный материал для своего доклада. 13. Если бы он был вчера в институте, мы встретили бы его. 14. Если бы мы отправили телеграмму вчера, они бы ее уже получили. 15. Если бы она зашла ко мне вчера, я бы помогла ей в этой работе. 16. Если бы вы не пропустили свой автобус, вы бы не опоздали в университет. 17. Я смог бы отремонтировать машину, если бы у меня были необходимые инструменты.

V. Условные предложения смешанного типа – это когда действия придаточного и главного предложений относится к разным периодам времени. В таких случаях в каждой части условного предложения употребляются формы сослагательного наклонения, требуемые по смыслу.

Models:

If you had worked harder last year, you would know English well now.	Если бы вы работали усерднее в прошлом году, вы бы теперь хорошо знали английский язык.
If he knew English well, he would have translated the article without difficulty yesterday.	Если бы он знал хорошо английский язык, он перевел бы вчера эту статью без затруднений.

Exercise 5.1. Change the sentences using conditionals. Follow the example.

Example: My brother is put out. He lost his new camera.

My brother wouldn’t be put out if he hadn’t lost his new camera.

1. You look sun-tanned. You have been to the South. 2. I invited Helen to my birthday party. She is one of my best friends. 3. She refuses to go with us. She hasn’t done her homework. 4. I didn’t go to the concert. I don’t like pop-music. 5. He didn’t take part in the discussion last week. He does not speak English. 6. I can’t say anything on the subject. I haven’t read the book. 7. She missed the train and she is upset.

Exercise 5.2. Complete the following sentences.

1. You wouldn’t have a sore throat … (если бы вы не съели так много мороженого). 2. He wouldn’t be in hospital … (если бы он обратился к врачу вовремя). 3. We shouldn’t feel cold …(если бы мы не промокли). 4. She wouldn’t have a headache …(если бы она вовремя приняла лекарство). 5. The girl wouldn’t walk …(если бы ей не сделали операцию). 6. You’d have found the book sooner …(если бы вы всегда держали свои вещи в порядке). 7. They wouldn’t have furnished the room in such a way … (если бы у них было хоть немного вкуса). 8. He would have repaired the radio-set long ago … (если бы он не был ленивым). 9. You wouldn’t have said that … (если бы знали меня лучше).

Exercise 5.3. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. I would be angry if you had brought the company here. 2. You would be well now if you had consulted the doctor in time. 3. She wouldn’t be pale and thin if she hadn’t been ill quite for a while. 4. He would know now what to do if he had followed his father’s advice. 5. Just think, if I’d bought those pictures, then I should be a rich man now. 6. If you had gone to see them yesterday, you’d know now what the matter is. 7. If Janet had had a lot of practice in English last year, she would speak it perfectly now. 8. I shouldn’t be angry with you if you had answered my questions properly. 9. If he were a kind man, he wouldn’t have spoken to the girl in such a way. 10. If I knew her well, I should have gone to her party too. 11. If you had a better command of English, you would have translated the text better.

Exercise 5.4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Если бы он умел ходить на лыжах, он уехал бы с друзьями в горы еще на прошлой неделе. 2. Если бы я знала его лучше, я бы поговорила с ним об этом еще вчера. 3. Если бы мы заказали билеты заранее, мы бы не стояли сейчас за ними в очереди. 4. Если бы мы заказали номер в гостинице по телефону, нам не пришлось бы сейчас ждать. 5. Если бы дороги не были такими плохими, мы бы уже давно добрались до места назначения. 6. Если бы они любили друг друга, они бы давно поженились. 7. Если бы он был честным человеком, он бы не сделал это. 8. Ты бы себя хорошо сегодня чувствовал, если бы принял лекарство вчера. 9. Если бы мы больше работали вчера, наш проект был бы сейчас готов. 10. Если бы мы послали письмо вчера, они получили бы его завтра утром. 11. Если бы мы не шли так быстро, мы не были бы такими усталыми сейчас и могли бы продолжить наш путь. 12. Если бы я нуждался в помощи, я бы еще вчера позвонил другу. 13. Если бы я принял его предложение, я бы сейчас не искал работу. 14. Если бы я вчера не ел мороженое, у меня не болело бы горло. 15. Если бы он так много не работал вчера, он не был бы сейчас таким усталым. 16. Не будь он таким рассеянным, он не забыл бы свой чемодан в поезде. 17. Не будь он таким ленивым, он бы сдал все экзамены. 18. Если бы ты не пригласила меня на вечеринку, я бы не был здесь сейчас.

VI. Союз if и др. может быть опущен в придаточных предложениях II и III типа. Главное предложение соединяется с придаточным посредством инверсии сказуемого, т.е. глаголы were, had, could, should ставятся перед подлежащим в придаточном предложении. Такие предложения переводятся на русский язык обычно с помощью инверсии, что делает предложение более эмфатичным.

Models:

Had I time, I should go to the club.	Будь у меня время, я пошел бы в клуб.
Could he come tonight, we should be very glad.	Если бы он мог придти сегодня вечером, мы были бы очень рады.

Exercise 6.1. Omit the conjunction in the following sentences making all the necessary changes.

1. If I had time, I should study French. 2. If you should find them, kindly let me know. 3. If they had called at the office yesterday, they would have found me there. 4. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have told him about it. 5. If he were here, I should speak to him. 6. If he were in town, he would help us. 7. If he should come, tell him to wait. 8. If I had enough money, I would travel. 9. If I were you, I should go there immediately. 10. The accident might not have occurred if they had been more careful. 11. If I were in his place, I should refuse. 12. If you had seen him, you wouldn’t have recognized him.

Exercise 6.2. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Were he a sensible boy, he’d behave in a different way. 2. Were I in your place, I’d do the same. 3. Were she one of my best friends, I’d share my secrets with her. 4. Weren’t it raining, the children wouldn’t be staying at home. 5. Had she the time, she would be able to join the excursion. 6. Had she many children, she wouldn’t be so lonely. 7. Had we been told about it yesterday, we’d have come earlier. 8. Had she known he would be here, she wouldn’t have gone away. 9. I don’t know what you would have done, had you been in my place. 10. Were she cleverer, she wouldn’t have said such a silly thing. 11. Were Mum with us, she wouldn’t have let you do so. 12. Hadn’t he been badly wounded, he would have reached the other bank sooner. 13. Were the intensity of all the beams alike, we should get an opposite result. 14. The heating elements can be easily exchanged, should the need arise. 15. Were the Earth stationary, the movements of the atmosphere would he controlled almost entirely by temperature differences. 16. Were the observations rigorously correct and the values of the unknown quantities finally determined affected by no error, they would be many times more accurate than we can hope to make them.

Exercise 6.3. Translate and comment on the types of the following Conditionals.

1. If the intracellular K were replaced by choline, no K uptake could take place afterwards. 2. Were the intracellular K replaced by choline, no K uptake could take place. 3. If the potential had been suddenly increased, very little current would have flown through the membrane. 4. Had the potential been suddenly increased, very little current would have flown through the membrane. 5. If water should be added to these lipids, the x-ray periods will be enlarged. 6. Should water be added to these lipids, the x-ray periods will be enlarged. 7. The surge of ingoing current would be reversed if Na in the medium were replaced by choline. 8. The surge of ingoing current would be reversed, were Na in the medium replaced by choline. 9. Stimulation would produce different results if some of the experimental conditions could be changed. 10. Stimulation would produce different results, could some of the experimental conditions be changed. 11. We shall be greatly surprised, should the deflection increase at all. 12. Had we any reasons, we might refuse the offer of the Columbia group. 13. Could such an ion be in the steady state, it would be distributed according to a Donnan equilibrium. 14. Had it not been for the powerful microscopes, our investigation of minute particles of the living organism would have been limited.

Exercise 6.4. Complete the following sentences.

1. (Знай я об этом раньше) … I’d have spoken to him. 2. (Не будь дождя) … we’d have had a sail by sea. 3. (Будь они сейчас здесь) … they would come to see us. 4. (Сдай она уже экзамены) … she could go to the Crimea. 5. (Будь он совершенно одиноким) … we’d invite him oftener. 6. (Поступи он так) … everybody would have turned away from him. 7. (Не будь река так глубока) … we should cross it here.

Exercise 6.5. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Будь сейчас каникулы, я бы поехал в Москву. 2. Позвони она мне вчера, мы бы не выглядели так глупо сейчас. 3. Приди он вовремя, они бы уже закончили работу. 4. Будь это правда, он не стал бы отрицать этого. 5. Предупреди он нас, мы никогда бы не вмешались в это дело. 6. Будь он художником, он написал бы мой портрет. 7. Скажи он об этом раньше, все было бы теперь иначе. 8. Имей я тогда деньги, я прилетела бы самолетом. 9. Будь я снова в этих местах, я обязательно бы сходил на охоту. 10. Положи вы письмо в сумку, вы не потеряли бы его. 11. Я купила бы своему сыну коньки, умей он кататься.

VII. Маловероятные и нереальные условия, помимо придаточного предложения условия, могут быть выражены еще двумя конструкциями: 1) if it were not (if it had not been) for …, 2) but for + существительное (местоимение). Такие структуры переводятся на русский язык если бы не….

Models:

If it were not for his friend (but for his friend), he would feel very lonely in this big city.	Если бы не его друг, он чувствовал бы себя очень одиноко в этом большом городе.
If it had not been for the rain (but for the rain), he would have gone to the country on Saturday.	Если бы не дождь, он уехал бы за город в субботу.

Exercise 7.1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

A.

1. If it had not been for his advice, you would have wasted a lot of time. 2. But for the late hour I’d stay a little longer. 3. The child wouldn’t have begun crying but for your severe look. 4. But for your help I should never have finished my work. 5. Nobody would have noticed him but for his innumerable questions. 6. The girl would have lost her job but for her father’s help. 7. But for the girl he would have left immediately.

B.

1. But for the very slow growth rates of lichens and our ignorance of their natural modes of reproduction, their deliberate sowing and cultivation would be possible. 2. Since the DNA double helix is only about 20A thick, this strand, were it not for its division into sections independent of one another, would have a slenderness ratio of 10 million. 3. The species would not have developed normally had it not been for the restoration of normal conditions. 4. Different gene symbols are used in different plants for the same biochemical effect. Plainly, the situation would be much clearer but for the quantity of symbols used for the same effect. 5. Were it not for the ability of nonchloroplyllous plants to decompose waste organic material, the earth in a very short time would be covered to an astonishing depth with an accumulation of vegetable debris. 6. The latter explanation might have been correct but for the presence of intact virus during the lag period. 7. But for the striking changes in the structures of the matter one could have predicted the resulting concentration. 8. But for the use of serial sections and the phyllotactic leaf-trace relationship the procambium could be missed. 9. But for the experimental contribution of Professor T. we should have ascribed this phenomenon to the electrostatic repulsion of similarly charged molecules. 10. Some investigators go so far as to state that if it were not for bacteria and allied microorganisms, you and I might not even be here. 11. The work of Wieland might have remained of academic interest if it had not been for the discovery in 1945 that an important vitamin is a pterin-containing compound.

Exercise 7.2. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Если бы не дождь, дети спали бы на открытом воздухе. 2. Если бы не постоянная забота матери, он никогда бы не поправился. 3. Если бы не ужасная жара, мы могли бы прогуляться немного. 4. Если бы не его улыбка, мы бы поверили всему, что он говорил. 5. Девушка не привлекла бы к себе внимания, если бы не ее прекрасные большие глаза. 6. Если бы не вы, я бы не пришла сюда. 7. Если бы не война, его судьба могла сложиться иначе. 8. Если бы не тишина, которая царила в доме, она ничего бы не услышала. 9. Если бы не будильник, мы бы проспали сегодня. 10. Если бы не ваше письмо, он ничего бы не узнал о нашей поездке в Москву. 11. Она давно бы пришла, если бы не сильный дождь. 12. Если бы не эта погода, она бы чувствовала себя неплохо. 13. Если бы не плохие дороги, мы бы уже давно добрались до места назначения.

VIII. Союзы even if, even though, соединяющие главное предложение с придаточным в сложноподчиненных предложениях нереальной уступки переводятся на русский язык даже если бы. Употребление глагольных форм в обеих частях предложения зависит от отнесенности действия к прошлому, с одной стороны, или к настоящему или будущему, с другой.

Models:

Even if he had known about it, he wouldn’t have told us anything.	Даже если бы он знал об этом, он не сказал бы нам ничего.
Even if you were right I would not defend you.	Даже если бы ты был прав, я бы не стал защищать тебя.

Exercise 8.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. If you aren’t going to live in the house why you (not sell) it? Even if I (have) a house I couldn’t use, I (not sell) it. 2. Even if I (realize) how awful the job was going to be, I (accept) it. I didn’t have another way out. 3. Tom: The plane was on fire so we baled out. Ann: I don’t think I (have) the nerve to do that even if the plane (be) on fire. 4. Even if we (work) all night, we (not finish) in time. 5. Even if someone (ring) my doorbell at 3 a.m., I (be) very unwillingly to open the door. 6. Even if I (have) heaps of money, I (not drink) champagne with every meal. 7. I recognized him at once. Even if he (wear) dark glasses, I (recognize) him immediately. 8. Even if you had been there, what you (do)? 9. I was so tired yesterday. Even if I (have) more time, I (not have) talks with you. 10. Even if I (want) to, I (can do) nothing about it now. 11. We’ve got only ten minutes left. We (not make) it even if we (hurry up). 12. I (cannot go) today even if you (ask) me.

Exercise 8.2.Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Даже если бы у меня был билет, я бы не смог вчера пойти на хоккей. 2. Я не сказал бы вам ничего, даже если бы и знал что-нибудь. 3. Даже если бы меня пригласили на вечер, я бы не пошла. 4. Даже если бы ты позвонил мне вчера, я бы не смог придти. 5. Даже если бы у меня был словарь, я бы не смог перевести статью к завтрашнему дню. 6. У меня грипп. Даже если бы я принял лекарство, я бы все равно не смог пойти в университет. 7. Даже если бы он и пришел вчера, я бы с ним не разговаривала. 8. Даже если бы шел дождь, я бы не осталась дома. 9. Даже если бы я и захотел, я ничего не смог бы сейчас сделать. 10. У нас осталось 10 минут. Мы бы не успели, даже если бы и поспешили. 11. Я не смог бы сегодня пойти, даже если бы ты меня попросил.