9) Structure and functions of carbohydrates.

11) Structure and function of nucleic acids.

Nucleic acids are the master molecules of cells since they play such vital roles in the continuation of all life processes.

Nucleic acid are the largest known organic molecule. Nucleic acid molecules are enormous, complex polymers made up of monomers. Nucleic acids allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA and ribonucleic acid, better known as RNA.

FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS:

They have 2 main functions:

1. Regulation of all metabolic activities within the cell.

2. Maintenance of genetic continuity between generations.

3. The carry information from genes in the cell nucleus to certain structures in the cytoplasm that direct major biochemical processes.

4. Nucleic acids are the genetic material for all living cells.

5. Nucleic acids determine the phenotype of an organism.

STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS:

Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of repeating units called nucleotides. DNA molecules are the largest of the naturally occurring organic molecules.

Each monomer is a nucleotide. Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar molecule containing five carbon atoms, a phosphate group, and a molecule containing nitrogen which will be referred to as nitrogenous base. In cells DNA is the nucleic acid that functions as the original blueprint for the synthesis of proteins.

12) Characteristics and classification of fungi.

13) Explain concepts of genetics: heredity, diversity, trait, gene, genotype and phenotype.

14) Explain concepts of genetics: allele, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, recessive, linked genes.

15) Characteristics of birds.

16) Blood and its components: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes.

17) Characteristics of cartilaginous and bony fish,