Билет № 15

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Importance of Computer Literacy

Computers are becoming increasingly important tools in all types of workplaces, from offices to factories. Today, computers are no longer specialized tools used only by scientists or engineers. They do not hum behind sealed, glass walls in climate-controlled environments. Computer systems are everywhere – in places you cannot see or would not expect to find them. They are a fact of life, a common thread that ties together our education, work, and home life. With computers touching nearly every facet of our lives, the issue of computer literacy becomes important. But what is computer literacy, and why is it so crucial? Why should you spend your time and energy studying and becoming "computer literate"? Technically, to be "literate" in a subject means to have knowledge of that subject. You understand its basic terms and concepts. How will you benefit from computer literacy? If you have basic computer knowledge along with specific job skills, employers will consider you more trainable in and adaptable to the computerized work environment. As you increase your computer skills, you become a more valuable worker, especially if you focus on high-tech skills such as programming, network administration, or hardware maintenance. However, you do not have to become a computer expert to increase your earnings. Skills that involve application of the computer to specific tasks (such as desktop publishing or database management) are highly valued. Computers are incredible learning tools, especially when you have access to data on CD-ROMs or the Internet. You can use a PC to access vast knowledge bases on almost any topic, search archives of information dating back decades, and even take online courses for credit.

Билет № 1

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Shapes of Computers Today

Supercomputers (съюпэкомпьютес) are the most (моуст) powerful (пауэфул) computers in terms of processing (проусэсинь). They are useful for problems (праблемс) requiring (рекуаэринь) complex calculations (каукюлейшнс). Because of their (зиа) size and expense, supercomputers are relatively (рэлатевли) rare. They are typically used by large (ладж) organizations such as universities (юнивёсэтиз) , government agencies (эйдженсиз), and very large businesses (бизнесиз). Mainframe (мэйнфрэйм) computers, which generally have many terminals or PCs connected to them, handle massive amounts (эмоунс) of input, output, and storage. Mainframe computers are commonly used in corporations and government agencies (эджэнсис), but they are also used as e-commerce (и-комёз) servers, handling transactions over the Internet. Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but larger (лаждэ) than microcomputers (майкроу). They usually have multiple (малтипл) terminals. Minicomputers are used more and more often as network servers and Internet servers. Workstations are powerful single-user computers that are used by engineers (инджениэс), scientists (сайнтист), and graphic artists (атистс). Like minicomputers, workstations are often used as network and Internet servers. Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers. The term PC often denotes microcomputers that are either IBM-PCs or compatibles (кшпэтиблс). The term can also refer to personal computers made by other manufacturers, such as Apple. Desktop computers are the most common type of personal computer. Notebook computers (laptops) are used by people who need portable computing power outside the office or away from home. Handheld personal computers are the smallest computing devices. They lack the power of a desktop or notebook PC, but they offer specialized (спешэлайз) features (фичез) for users who need only limited functions (фанк and small size.