Билет № 11

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How the Internet Works

The Internet was created for the U.S. Department of Defense as a tool for communications. Today, the Internet is a network of interconnected networks. It is a huge, cooperative community with no central ownership. The Internet connects thousands of networks and more than 100 million users around the world. The Internet carries messages, documents, programs, and data files that contain every imaginable kind of information for businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals. All computers on the Internet use TCP/IP protocols. Any computer on the Internet can connect to any other computer. Individual computers connect to local and regional networks, which are connected together through the Internet backbone. A computer can connect directly to the Internet, or as a remote terminal on another computer, or through a gateway from a network that does not use TCP/IP. Every computer on the Internet has a unique four-part numeric IP address, and most also have an address that uses the domain name system (DNS). DNS addresses have two parts: a host name (a name for a computer connected to the Internet) followed by a domain that generally identifies the type of institution that uses the address. This type of domain is often called top-level domain. For example, many companies have a DNS address whose first part is the company name followed by ".com" - ibm.com (International Business Machines Corp.). Some large institutions and corporations divide their domain addresses into smaller subdomains.

Билет № 12

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The World Wide Web

One part of the Internet is the World Wide Web. It was created in 1989 at the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland as a method for incorporating footnotes, figures, and cross-references into online hypertext documents. A hypertext document, or a Web page, is a specially encoded file that uses the hypertext markup language (HTML). This language allows a document's author to embed hypertext links, or hyperlinks, in the document. A collection of related Web pages is called a Web site. Web sites are housed on Web servers, Internet host computers that often store thousands of individual pages. Copying a page onto a server is called posting the page. Downloading a page from the Web server to your computer for viewing is commonly called "hitting" the Web site. Many Web pages feature a hit counter to display the number of times the page has been viewed. A Web browser is a software application designed to find hypertext documents on the Web and then open the documents on the user's computer. A point-and-click browser provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables the user to click graphical objects and hyperlinks. The most popular browsers are Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. A Web browser displays a Web page as specified by the page's underlying HTML code. To format a document in HTML, a designer places HTML tags throughout the document. The HTML tags enclosed in angle brackets (<>), tell the browser how to display individual elements on the page. The internal structure of the World Wide Web is built on a set of rules called Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). HTTP uses Internet addresses in a special format, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).