The Times

For a large part of its history, The Times has been the most … (1) British daily newspaper, essential reading for the traditional ruling classes. It was … (2) by John Walter in 1785, as The Daily Universal Register, … (3) The Times in 1788. By the mid-19th century it had earned the nickname 'The Thunderer' for its formidable editorials, and was renowned for its coverage of … (4) (it was the first paper to employ foreign correspondents). After a period of decline, its prestige revived under the …. (5) of William Haley in the 1960s and 70s, marked by a famous - and controversial  advertising … (6), “Top People Read the Times”. The Times, like its sister paper The Sunday Times, is now owned by the international … (7) magnate Rupert Murdoch. It is published in London, with a circulation of between 400,000 and 450,000.

The Financial Times

The Financial Times, a British daily, was founded in 1888. It … (8) full daily reports on the Stock Exchange and on world markets, and a comprehensive … (9) of business affairs. But it is also greatly respected for its general news reporting and analysis, and for its reviews of literature and the arts. More expensive than other daily papers, and printed on … …. (10) paper, The Financial Times is published in London, with an international edition published in Frankfurt, New York, and Paris. Its … (11) is around 290,000.

GRAMMAR FILE

Verbals are special forms of the verb such as infinitive, participle, gerund.

The infinitives are:

• the to – infinitive (e.g. I hope to publish my first article soon.)

• the bare infinitive (without to) (e.g. in the Middle Ages only few people could read or write.)

tenses of the infinitive
	active	passive
Present	(to) edit	(to) be edited
Present Continuous	(to) be editing	---------------
Perfect	(to) have edited	(to) have been edited
Perfect Continuous	(to) have been editing	---------------

The to-infinitive is used
to express purpose	He stopped in the centre of the street to read the advertisement on the bill board.
after certain verbs (know, decide, ask, learn, remember, etc.) followed by the question words, and some other verbs (advise, agree, appear, expect, hope, manage, want, etc.)	People learned how to print books in the 15th century. At the beginning of the 19th century some of the newspapers appeared to be too partisan.
after adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy, afraid, etc.	He was glad to be appointed the chief editor of the city newspaper.
after too and enough	He is educated and experienced enough to be appointed the chief editor.
after would like, would love, would prefer to express specific preference	I would prefer to read a tabloid newspaper if I don’t need to learn political news.
The bare infinitive is used
after modal verbs (may, should, can, must)	You can learn about what is happening in the country in the rubric “home news”.
after verbs let, make, see, hear, feel	Rupert Murdock made some experienced journalists leave the newspaper after he had bought the Times.

The participles are:

• present participles (e.g. publishing);

• past participles (e.g. published);

• perfect participles (having published)

The participles are used:

to express time	Having published the classified military documents the New York Times had to explain its position in court.
to express reason	Being unsatisfied with the newspaper partisanship John Gordon Bennett founded a new newspaper- the New York Herald.
instead of a relative pronoun and full verb	Journalists not working in the staff are known as freelancers.
as an adjective	A new advertising agency has been opened recently. Advertorial is an advertisement designed to look like editorial.

The –ing form (the gerund) is used:

as a noun	Reading is a very good habit.
after love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate, prefer to express general preference	Most businessmen prefer reading the Financial Times or the Wall Street Journal.
after certain verbs (consider, avoid, deny, look forward to, confess, risk, mind, suggest, etc.)	Joseph Pulitzer suggested using sport comments in the newspaper to attract more readers.
after it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, it’s no good, there’s no point in, can’t help, can’t stand, be used to, etc.	There’s no point in discussing the matter of possibility of invasion of privacy. It’s out of the question.

Task 1

Read the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics. State the type of a verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund). Translate the word in italics.

1. The early evidence of an official means of spreading news dates from 59 BC in Rome.

2. The Freedom of Information Act allows anyone to get information that elsewhere is simply not available.

3. In old England the traveling packman would bring news to the villagers of what was happening in the world.

4. The first written news service was supplied to the great and wealthy people in Elizabethian England.

5. Needless to say that people are not very happy with a strong tradition of investigative reporting because of the invasion of privacy.

6. The New York Times started to be published with its well-known slogan “All the news that’s fit to print” at the end of the 19th century.

7. A newspaper is a public-service publication offering readers articles and features on the whole range of interests.

8. Each of the national papers can be characterized as belonging to one of the two distinct categories: broadsheets and tabloids.

9. Associated Press news agency has over 10. 000 subscribers, which pay to receive AP news and photos.

10. The emphasis on revealing the details of people’s private lives has led to discussion about the possible need to restrict the freedom of press.

11. If you go into any well-stocked newsagent’s in Britain you will see rows and rows of newspapers and magazines catering for almost every imaginable taste.

12. To protect their reputation for objectivity, both AP and UPI have strict rules of professional behavior.

13. Careful effort to preserve objectivity is made even by such a monopoly newspaper as the Washington Post.

14. It is a mystery why in Britain reading intelligent papers should need highly-developed skills of paper folding.

Task 2

Translate the part of the sentence in italics into English using a verbal. The necessary verb is given to you.

1. Most serious newspapers provide extensive news coverage сообщающий (document) international, national and local events.

2. Big-city dailies are highly varied public-service publication предлагающие (offer) readers articles on a great range of interests.

3. Покупательская (purchase) price of the paper depends on the readership to a great extend.

4. The primary concern of the publishers is продать (sell) as many copies as possible and привлечь (attract) as much advertising as possible.

5. The newspapers try to observe none of the political parties to be чрезмерно представлены (over represent) on their pages.

6. In order привлечь (attract) the readers the newspapers used sensationalism.

7. The Economist has the reputation of one of the best weeklies in the world because its quality of написания материала (write) is very high.

8. The mass media in the US claim explicit recognition of their right быть (be) free from government control and censorship.

9. The British Daily Express is noted for its lively репортаж (report) and enthusiastic patriotism.

10. It is widely agreed that a tabloid format newspaper is very easy for the reader обращаться (handle).

11. The Guardian appeals mainly to middle-class readers who regard themselves as либерально-настроенные (mind liberally).

12. Often newspapers try to avoid платить (pay) for the news используя (use) the original newspaper story and цитируя (quote) the story indirectly.

13. The right критиковать (criticize) the government was established by the Zenger trial in 1735.

14. Journalists write their stories чтобы найти ответ (find the answer) to the ‘5Ws and H’questions.

 READING AND DISCUSSING 1

FROM THE HISTORY OF A NEWSPAPER

Task 1 Now you will learn basic facts about the history of a newspaper. Read the paragraphs and arrange them according to the chronological order. Think of the headline to each paragraph.

Do you know that the first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620.

The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.

A

1 The term newspaper became common in the 17th century. However, in Germany, publications that we would today consider to be newspaper publications, were appearing as early as the 16th century. They were discernibly newspapers for the following reasons: they were printed, dated, appeared at regular and frequent publication intervals, and included a variety of news items. The first newspaper however was said to be the Strasbourg Relation, in the early 17th century.

B

The term coranto was adopted by different countries.The coranto differed from previous German newspapers in format. It dropped the highly illustrated German title page, instead including a title on the upper first page of the publication – the masthead common in today's periodicals. Corantos also adopted a two-column format nd were issued on halfsheets.

2 The coranto form influenced British newspapers. On 7 November 1665, The London Gazette (at first called The Oxford Gazette) began publication. It is considered to be the newspaper that decisively changed the look of English news printing, echoing the coranto format of two columns, a clear title, and a clear date. It was published twice a week. Other English papers started to publish three times a week, and later the first daily papers emerged. It was in March 1702 when Elizabeth Mallet started to produce the Daily Courant.This was partly due to in the postal system between Dover and London.

Newspapers in general included short articles, ephemeral topics, some illustrations and service articles (classifieds). They were often written by multiple authors, although the authors' identities were often obscured. They began to contain some advertisements, and they did not yet include sections. Mass market papers emerged, including Sunday papers for workers to read in their leisure time. 

C

3 Before the advent of the newspaper, there were two major kinds of periodical news publications: the handwritten news sheet, and single item news publications. These existed simultaneously.

The Roman Empire published Acta Diurna ("Daily Acts"), or government announcement bulletins, around 59 BC, as ordered by Julius Caesar. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, were commonly used among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.

D

4 In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte ("Written notices") which cost one gazetta, a Venetian coin of the time, the name of which eventually came to mean "newspaper". These avvisi (notices) were handwritten newsletters and used to convey and spread political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently throughout Europe, more specifically Italy, during the early modern era (1500-1700) — sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.

However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.

E

5. The first newspaper in British North America, Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic (1690), was immediately suppressed by the governor of Massachusetts. Official news was spread by means of proclamations and pamphlets or by newsletters and newspapers from London. The first regular newspaper in the colonies did not appear until 1704, and it was published by authority of the government. It was the weekly Boston News-Letter, published by John Campbell, the postmaster. Another paper replaced it in 1719, the Boston Gazette, published by postmaster James Franklin, an elder brother of Benjamin Franklin. Two years later James Franklin started his own New-England Courant. This was the beginning of independent journalism in the United States.

www.en.wikipedia,org

Title page of Carolus’ Relations

From 1609, the earliest newspaper