- •2. Classification of highly toxic substances (hts)
- •5. The permissible levels of harmful substances
- •7. Environmental Assessment. Basic principles of the environmental impact assessment.
- •16. Preventive measures at the sign of use of bacteriological agents.
- •18. The measures of prevention: Quarantine and observation. Disinfection and disinsection
- •22. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other Gases and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva, 17 June 1925).
- •Main factors of nuclear explosion. Characteristics, effects, and impact on human health.
- •Medico-tactical characteristics of foci of nuclear damage
- •26. Acute radiation sickness. Radiation sickness of 1-4 degrees. Chronic radiation sickness.
- •27. Radioactive contamination. Features of contaminated zones. Evaluation of radiation situation.
- •28. Kazakhstan’s nuclear background. Kazakhstan’s nuclear energy.
- •29. Kazakhstan’s International legislation on Nuclear Weapons.
- •31. The principles of national security. The national interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
- •32. The goals and objectives of national security. Threats to Kazakhstan’s national security.
- •33. The concept of national security of Kazakhstan. National Security of Kazakhstan
- •35. The challenges and threats posed by globalization. Globalization in the economic, political, social, cultural spheres
- •36. Global Problems of Mankind. The problem of technological security.
- •37. The ways out of the global crisis - the transition to sustainable development.
- •39. Globalization in Kazakhstan (negative factors and benefits)
- •40. The law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On combating terrorism”
- •41. Basic principles in the fight against terrorism in Kazakhstan.
- •42. The purpose of the legal regulation. Types of the terrorist activities.
- •International Terrorism – is terrorist activities that are foreign‐based and/or sponsored by
26. Acute radiation sickness. Radiation sickness of 1-4 degrees. Chronic radiation sickness.
Radiation sickness - a disease resulting from the impact of different types of ionizing radiation and characterized by clinical signs, depending on the type of damaging radiation, its dose, source localization of radioactive substances, dose distribution in time and the human body.
Acute radiation sickness (ARS) - is due to a single irradiation. According to the severity ARS is divided into several stages:
• I grade: 1 ÷ 2 Gy (manifested through the day 14-21)
• II grade: 2 ÷ 5 Gy (4-5 days)
• III grade: 5 ÷ 10 Gy (after 10-12 hours)
• IV grade: > 10 Gy (after 30 minutes)
Chronic radiation sickness (CRS) - develops as a result of long continuous or fractionated irradiation of the organism in doses of 0,1-0,5 Gy / day with a total dose of more than 0,7-1 Gy. CRS case of external irradiation is a complex clinical syndrome with involvement of several organs and systems, the frequency of the flow is connected with the dynamics of the formation of radial load, ie the continuation or termination of irradiation. The peculiarity of CRS is that in actively proliferating tissues, due to intensive processes of cell renewal, for a long time may be possible morphological recovery of the tissue structure.
27. Radioactive contamination. Features of contaminated zones. Evaluation of radiation situation.
Among factors of the nuclear explosion radioactive contamination takes a special place. Radioactive
contamination from nuclear explosions is caused not only to the areas adjacent to the site of the
explosion, but to the terrain, remote from it in many tens of kilometers.
Features of contaminated zones
4 zones of radioactive contamination:
1) Zone A – moderate contamination (indicated in blue). Man, being in that zone, can receive radiation dose from 40 to 400 R during the complete fallout of radioactive substances in the area. At the outer boundary of Zone A in 1 h after the explosion
2) Zone B – severe contamination (indicated on the map in green). The man in this area can get a dose of 400 to 1 200 R during the complete decay of radioactive substances. Radiation levels at the border with area A in 1 h after the explosion is 80 R / h. 50% of personnel is damaged;
3) In the zone C – dangerous contamination (indicated on the map in brown). Man, being in the zone may receive a dose of radiation from 1200 to 4000 R in a time of complete fallout of radioactive substances. Radiation levels at the boundary of the zone of B in 1 h after the explosion is equal to 240 R / h. 100% of personnel is out of order;
4) Zone D - extremely dangerous (indicated on the map in black). The man in this area can get a dose of 4 000 to 10 000 R during the complete decay of radiation levels at the boundary of the zone in 1 h after the explosion is equal to 800 R / h. contamination radioactive substances. 100% of personnel fails.
Evaluation of radiation situation is carried out by two methods:
1) forecasting; 2) according to the radiation intelligence survey.
Evaluation of radiation is made by using scientifically developed spreadsheets, charts, templates, radiation dosimeters and rulers.