37. The ways out of the global crisis - the transition to sustainable development.

37) Sustainable production is the creation of goods and services using processes and systems that  are non-polluting, conserve energy and natural resources, are economically efficient, are safe  and healthful for workers, communities, and consumers, and are socially and creatively  rewarding for all working people.

38. Problems of post-industrial society. Technological problems. Post-industrial society - is a society that is replacing the industrial society. The basis for sustained development of such a society is considered a change of different technologies, eras, as well as sectorial and professional division of labor. The leading role is acquired to services, science and education. Corporations are inferior to universities, and business people – to scientists and professionals. It is known that every new stage of development of humanity brought on the basis of the achievements some new and hitherto inaccessible benefits. But at the same time, as a byproduct of development, new challenges and threats were appearing. The same is happening today in the frame of a post-industrial society. First, it retained most of the existing challenges and threats, including natural and technological hazards of industrial society. Secondly, there are new specific threats and challenges, often of another, higher order. The ongoing activities in these areas in various centers of major corporations are poorly known and uncontrolled. This uncontrolled and unregulated work on developing new technologies and their products carries unknown to the world risk. In particular, without a warrant or with the sanction of the authorities may be created Nano machines (such as machines designed for the repair of cells) which can be used inconspicuously in order to suppress the population and the armed forces of those countries when it will be needed to the owners of nanotechnology. Another danger of socio-political nature – is a combination of nanotechnology and technology of constructing artificial intelligence to create a perfect industrial robots and artificial soldiers. The first is fraught with unprecedented unemployment, the second - with unpredictable changes in the combat capabilities of the armies and the nature of war. It is expected that risk of consequences of technical failures in the equipment will grow and the effects of such accidents would be even more severe. Technology-related accidents could be linked to emissions of a much wider range of hazardous chemicals, including many new, falling to Earth spacecraft, the saturation of near-Earth space which their remains is constantly increasing, the loss of huge volumes of information in computer sets, loss of control over self-organizing and self-replicating robots, and etc.

39. Globalization in Kazakhstan (negative factors and benefits)

39.Like any complex phenomenon globalization has both positive and negative sides. Its consequences associated with obvious success: integrating the world economy contributes to the intensification and increased production, development of technical advances backward countries, improving the economic status of developing countries, etc. Political integration helps to prevent conflict, to ensure the relative stability in the world, to do a lot more in the interests of international security. Globalization in the social sphere stimulates tremendous changes in people's minds, the spread of democratic principles, human rights and freedoms. List of achievements of globalization covers various interests from personal nature to the world community. However, there are also a large number of negative consequences. They are manifested in the form of so-called global problems of mankind. Under the global problems are meant universal, of the planetary scale difficulties and contradictions in the relations between nature and human society, the state and the world community. These problems in an implicit form existed previously, but mainly occurred at the present stage as a result of negative human activities, natural processes and, to a large extent, as the effect of globalization. Essentially, global problems are not just the consequences of globalization, but the very expression of this complex phenomenon, uncontrolled in its basic aspects.