4. How can you define the term “abbreviation”?

is the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements of a word-combination.

5. What types of abbreviations do you know?

• acronyms (ex., laser - light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation),

• initial abbreviation (ex., SOS – save our souls, BBC _ British Broadcast Corporation),

• a shortened form of a written word (ex., smth, sb, adj.),

• Latin abbreviations (a.m. – lat. Ante Meridiem, до полудня, i.e. – lat. Id est – that is),

• initial abbreviation combined with a whole word (ex., A-bomb – atomic bomb).

6. What process is called blending?

is the method of merging parts of words into one new word.

7. What is the difference between additive and restrictive blends?

types of blends:

• additive blend which is transformable into a phrase consisting of the respective non-clipped stems combined by the conjunction “and” (ex., brunch – breakfast and lunch, smaze smaze – smoke and haze),

• restrictive blend which is transformable into an attributive phrase with the 1st element serving as modifier of the second (ex., telecast – television broadcast).

8. How can blends be formed?

Blends may be formed by:

• combining non-clipped stems (ex., cinemactress: cinema + actress),

• combining clipped stems (ex., spam: spiced ham),

• overlapping clipped stems (ex., smog: smoke + fog).

Tasks and exercises

1. Explain the difference between the meaning of the following words produced from the same root by means of different affixes:

• Watery – waterish Водянистый – обводненные

Watery adjective   containing or filled with water

• embarrassed – embarrassing смущенный - неловко

embarrassed adjective   feeling ashamed or shy

Embarrassing adjective   making you feel embarrassed:

• manly – mannish мужественным – мужеподобная

manly adjective   having the qualities that people think a man should have

mannish adjective  If you describe a woman as mannish, you mean that her appearance or behaviour are too much like a man's:

• colorful – colored красочные – цветные

colourful adjective having bright colours or a lot of different colours:

• distressed – distressing проблемными – тревогу

distressed adjective upset or worried

distressing adjective  upsetting or worrying

• respectful – respected – respectable уважительное - уважаемый – респектабельный

respectful adjective  showing admiration for someone or something

respected adjective  admired by many people for your qualities or achievements

respectable adjective  considered to be socially acceptable because of your good character, appearance, or behaviour:

• exhaustive – exhausting – exhausted исчерпывающий - изнурительная – измученные

exhaustive adjective  complete and including everything

exhausting adjective making you feel extremely tired

exhausted adjective  extremely tired:

• bored – boring

bored adjective  feeling unhappy because something is not interesting or because you have nothing to do

boring adjective  not interesting or exciting

• touchy – touched – touching. обидчивые - коснулся - трогательно.

touchyadjective easily offended or upset

touched adjective  grateful for something kind that someone has done

touching adjective  making you feel sadness, sympathy, etc.