Visual communication.

From the term itself, it is those types of communication that is relayed to you visually. An example would be looking on a locator or directory. You use your visuals to communicate with the map or the visual ad that you see to let you know where you should go. It communicates with you as you look at it and tells you what to do and where to go.

Written communication.

Writing is also another of the types of communication. If you do not have the ability to speak and communicate by the use of your mouth and tongue, the paper and the pen will help you. You can write anything that you want to say. It will help you tell others of what is in your thoughts and let them understand by reading your writings.

It does not matter how you express yourself through communication. What is important is there are many means to choose from to be able to relay ones message to another and let one’s thoughts be heard. Expressing oneself is healthy and can boost self-esteem. Always try to be yourself and let others value you as you.

29. Grice's Model of Communication

 

 

According to H.P. Grice, a message can be considered intentional if and only if (a) the speaker intended the message to create an effect (i.e., a belief) in the listener; and (b) the speaker intended that effect to result from the listeners' recognition of that intention.

 

The central idea is that words and their intended effects on the listener do not bear a fixed relationship. A phrase like “I love philosophy” used sincerely, will be understood to mean one thing, and the same words, used ironically, will be understood to mean something quite different. The assumption about the relation of words and meanings is reflected in the distinction between sentence-meaning (i.e., the literal meaning of a word or phrase) and speaker-meaning (i.e., the meaning the communicator intends to convey by using that sentence meaning). Although the sentence-meanings of the sincere and ironic utterances in the example were identical, their speaker-meanings are not. Grice's model of communication assumes that speaker meaning is identified by way of sentence meaning. That is, although the two types of meanings are distinct, sentence meaning forms the basis for determining speaker meaning. Sentence meaning is evaluated in light of the context of conversation, and used to draw inferences about the intended meaning.

 

If speaker meaning is not identical to sentence meaning, how do speakers go about formulating utterances that will be understood correctly, and how do addressees identify an utterance's intended meaning? Grice proposed that we view conversation as a cooperative endeavor. Even when their purpose is to dispute, criticize, or insult, communicators must shape their messages to be meaningful to their addressees. To do so, Grice proposed, they follow a general Cooperative Principle, comprised of four basic rules, which he termed Conversational Maxims.

30.

Anthropological linguistics is the study of the relations between language and culture and the relations between human biology, cognition and language. This strongly overlaps the field oflinguistic anthropology, which is the branch of anthropology that studies humans through the languages that they use.

Anthropological linguistics deals with describing many languages and issues such as the influence of language on the behavior of the community that uses it. The well known Sapir-Whorf hypothesisis a result of such investigations. According to this theory the language that people use has strong influence on the perception of the world. Therefore, anthropolinguists deal with problems such as how it happens that peoples sharing a culture might speak different languages and peoples who have different cultures sometimes share a language. Also finding a systematic way of putting down previously unwritten languages in a way that would reflect all linguistic peculiarities and phonetic phenomena is the task of anthropologic linguists. Such undertakings not only lead to preserving endangered languages, but are also important from the point of view of culture. As anthropologic linguistics works on the assumption that communities’ cultures are reflected by language change it investigates synchronic and diachronic language change – that is it analyses various dialects and if it is possible the historical development. What is more, language acquisition in children is also studied by anthropolinguists, however, not the stages of language development are examined, but how the acquisition of linguistic abilities is perceived by the community

31.

A discourse is a mode of communication that determines what is said and how it is said. The type of discourse that is used determines how a conversation or communication will proceed. The primary types of discourse are description, argument, narration and exposition.