25.

Discourse is text in use but that texts in corpora or presumably other linguistic collections of language are not discourse. Texts need to be 'brought to life' to become discourse. De Beaugrande argues that a text cannot be contextualized only shifted into a different context. A real text cannot be decontextualised, that is, removed from any context; we can only shift it into a different context.

Yet there is another distinction between these two terms. In this distinction 'text' is defined in terms of being a physical product and 'discourse' is viewed as process and meaning is not derived from text but from reader's interaction with the text(discourse).

27.

As one of the first sociolinguists, Hymes helped to pioneer the connection between speech and social relations placing linguistic anthropology at the center of the performative turn within anthropology and the social sciences more generally.

Hymes formulated a response to Noam Chomsky's influential distinction between competence (knowledge of grammatical rules necessary to decoding and producing language) and performance (actual language use in context). Hymes objected to the marginalization of performance from the center of linguistic inquiry and proposed the notion of communicative competence, or knowledge necessary to use language in social context, as an object of linguistic inquiry. Since appropriate language use is conventionally defined, and varies across different communities, much of Hymes early work frames a project for ethnographic investigation into contrasting patterns of language use across speech communities. Hymes termed this approach "the ethnography of speaking." The SPEAKING acronym, described below, was presented as a lighthearted heuristic to aid fieldworkers in their attempt to document and analyze instances of language in use, which he termed "speech events." 

Hymes constructed the acronym SPEAKING, under which he grouped the sixteen components within eight divisions:^[10]

Setting and Scene

"Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances".^[11] The living room in the grandparents' home might be a setting for a family story. Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness.^[12] The family story may be told at a reunion celebrating the grandparents' anniversary. At times, the family would be festive and playful; at other times, serious and commemorative.

Participants

Speaker and audience. Linguists will make distinctions within these categories; for example, the audience can be distinguished as addressees and other hearers.^[13] At the family reunion, an aunt might tell a story to the young female relatives, but males, although not addressed, might also hear the narrative.

[Ends

Purposes, goals, and outcomes.^[14] The aunt may tell a story about the grandmother to entertain the audience, teach the young women, and honor the grandmother.

Act Sequence

Form and order of the event. The aunt's story might begin as a response to a toast to the grandmother. The story's plot and development would have a sequence structured by the aunt. Possibly there would be a collaborative interruption during the telling. Finally, the group might applaud the tale and move onto another subject or activity.

Key

Clues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act.^[15] The aunt might imitate the grandmother's voice and gestures in a playful way, or she might address the group in a serious voice emphasizing the sincerity and respect of the praise the story expresses.

Instrumentalities

Forms and styles of speech.^[16] The aunt might speak in a casual register with many dialect features or might use a more formal register and careful grammatically "standard" forms.

Norms

Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction. In a playful story by the aunt, the norms might allow many audience interruptions and collaboration, or possibly those interruptions might be limited to participation by older females. A serious, formal story by the aunt might call for attention to her and no interruptions as norms.

Genre

The kind of speech act or event; for the example used here, the kind of story. The aunt might tell a character anecdote about the grandmother for entertainment, or an exemplum as moral instruction. Different disciplines develop terms for kinds of speech acts, and speech communities sometimes have their own terms for types.^[17]

28.

Verbal communication.

This is the most common of the many types of communication that we all have been using for so long. Verbal means you talk to each other. Uttering words and phrases and sentences is considered a verbal communication.

Non-verbal communication.

Non speaking, no words uttered, no noise type of communication; this is how a non-verbal communication is defined. This is normally used when one is not capable to speak. May it be a temporary illness that made you lost your speech, or it can be a long term sickness that will need you to learn to communicate without the use of speech.