III. Language

Exercise 7. Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Доісторичні часи, мати цінність для людства, спільна властивість, релігійні теми, Європейський Ренесанс, Середні Віки, полонити природу, художні елементи, створити композицію, міцні (нерозведені) основні кольори, робити малюнок, відносно маси, невелика плоска поверхня, груба текстура, клейкі речовини.

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. All great paintings express the painter’s special view about a … .

(subject, object, drawing )

2. … allows an artist to express the feeling of weight in a painting.

(space, color, mass)

3. By combining lines of different lengths and different directions, an artist makes a … .

(painting, drawing, picture )

3. Brushes come in many lengths and ….

(shapes, shadow, stroke)

5. An artist makes a picture by spreading paint on a … .

(surface, fabric, share )

Exercise 9. Make up the possible word combinations out of the following and translate them:

1. to express 2. to share 3. to turn 4. to combine 5. to build up 6. to spread 7. to hold 8. to produce

a. a feature b. colors and lines c. strokes d. the pigment e. ideas f. forms g. paint h. to nature

Exercise 10. Match the definitions to the terms in the left column:

1. Landscapes and seascapes 2. Still lifes 3. Colour 4. Line 5. Mass 6. Space 7. Texture 8. Pigments 9. Binders 10. Paint thinners 11. A canvas 12. An easel

a) are pictures of objects. b) helps an artist to tell a story, express an emotion, or create a composition. c) allows an artist to express the feeling of weight in a painting. d) refers to the appearance of the painting’s surface. e). are called painting mediums. f). is the chief means by which most artists build up the forms in their pictures. g). are mixing dry powdered colours. h). is used for supporting an artist’s canvas. i). are sticky substances. j). are scenes that try to capture the many moods of nature. k). is a piece of fabric on which a picture is made. l). can be created by arranging lines, colours, and light and dark areas in certain ways

IV. Text understanding

Exercise 11. Agree or disagree with the statements. Correct the false statements.

Agreement: I agree with you; You are right; Certainly; Exactly so ; I fully support you

Disagreement: I can’t agree with you; I am afraid you are mistaken; Not quite so; This is not true; I disagree with the statement that…

1. The most important elements include colour, line, mass, and space.

2. Religious subjects dominated painting in some parts of the world for hundreds of years.

3. Texture can help an artist to tell a story, express an emotion, or create a composition.

4. Space can be created by arranging lines, colours, and light and dark areas in certain ways.

5. Artists don’t use paint thinners along with pigments and binders.

6. Still-life painters are interested in the objects themselves.

7. The paint of a picture mayn’t be thick and rough or thin and smooth.

8. All great paintings share a common feature.

Exercise 12. Answer the questions:

1. What is painting?

2. What do paintings provide people with?

3. What do great paintings express?

4. What subjects dominated painting in some parts of the world for hundreds of years?

5. What are main artistic elements?

6. What are painting materials?

7. How are paints made?

V. Oral practice.

Exercise 13. Be ready to speak on the topic “Painting”. Use the plan to be ready.

1. The definition of painting.

2. A subject matter of painting.

3. The concept of artistic elements.

4. Types of painting materials.

Exercise 14. Comment on the following:

1. The paintings provide people with both enjoyment and information.

2. Stressing certain elements, a painter can make a picture easier to understand or bring out some particular mood or theme.

VI Reading and Comprehension

Exercise 15. Look through the text B.

Notes:

1. gum Arabic - гуміарабік

2. colour - (тут) фарба

Text B Painting media

Fresco painting is a technique in which the artist paints on a plastered wall while the plaster is still damp. An artist who paints a wall picture on dry plaster uses a process called secco painting. Fresco artists decorate both inside and outside walls. Fresco painting is especially well suited to decorating large walls in churches, government buildings, and palaces. A fresco, unlike many other painting techniques, has no glossy shine. A shine would make a fresco difficult to see from certain angles.

Water colour painting can be done in two major techniques – transparent water colour and gouache. Transparent water colours are paints made of pigments combined with a gum Arabic binder. An artist using this technique lightens the colours by adding water to them. Gouache paint is also made with a gum Arabic binder/ but during the manufacturing process, a little white pigment or chalk is added to make the paint opaque. An artist using the gouache technique makes the colours lighter by adding white paint to them.

Pastels are coloured chalk sticks. Many artists who draw especially well like to work in pastel because they can use the stick like a pencil while producing brilliant effects of colour. Pastel paintings are noted for their delicate colours.

Tempera is sometimes used as a general term for water colours. However, the word tempera more often refers to a technique in which egg yolk is the binder. In tempera painting lines are sharp and clear. Tones are bright, and exact and strong.

Oil paint is made by mixing powdered pigments with a binder of vegetable oil. Certain features of oil paint make it popular with artists who want to show the natural appearance of the world around them. Oil paint dries slowly. Therefore, the artist has time to blend the strokes into each other carefully and to adjust the colour mixtures to reproduce natural appearance. Oil paint – even when applied thickly – does not crack so easily as does water paint or egg tempera. As a result, the painter can apply oil paint in varying thicknesses to produce a wide range of textures.

Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools.

Today, artists most frequently use two synthetic resins – acrylic and vinyl. These paints can be used on a wide variety of surfaces, including cardboard, paper, fabric, and wood. Colours can be painted over each other rapidly because they dry and form a waterproof surface almost immediately. An artist using acrylic or vinyl paints can produce effects that cannot be produced with traditional painting materials.