Материалы для самостоятельной работы студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Фармация»

(для подготовки к интернет-экзамену (ФЭПО)

ИНТЕРНЕТ-ЭКЗАМЕН В СФЕРЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ (2011-2012)

Специальность: 060108.65 Фармация

Дисциплина: Иностранный язык

Время выполнения теста: 90 минут

Количество заданий: 24

Требования гос к обязательному минимуму содержания основной образовательной программы

Индекс	Дисциплина и ее основные разделы	Всего часов
ГСЭ. Ф	Федеральный компонент	–
ГСЭ.Ф.01	Иностранный язык: Закрепление программы средней школы, изучение нового лексико-грамматического материала, необходимого для чтения и перевода оригинальной иноязычной литературы по специальности. Различные виды речевой деятельности, чтение и др., позволяющие использовать иностранный язык как средство профессионального общения (письменного и устного). Навыки обработки текстов по специальности для использования полученной информации в профессиональных целях: перевод, аннотирование, реферирование (на родном и иностранном языках). Навыки устного общения (аудирование, диалогическая и монологическая речь), позволяющие участвовать в профессиональном общении с иностранными коллегами в объеме тем, указанных в программе по дисциплине «иностранный язык» для студентов медицинских и фармацевтических вузов.	340

Тематическая структура апим

N ДЕ	Наименование дидактической единицы ГОС	N за-да-ния		Тема задания
1	Лексика	1		Общенаучная лексика
		2		Общемедицинская лексика
		3		Специальная лексика (анатомия)
		4		Специальная лексика (физиология)
2	Грамматика	5		Словообразование
		6		Местоимения
		7		Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
		8		Предлоги
		9		Союзы
		10		Глагол и его формы
		11		Неличные формы глагола
		12		Синтаксис
3	Чтение	13		Ознакомительное чтение с целью определения основного содержания (с элементами аннотирования)
		14		Просмотровое и поисковое чтение с целью определения наличия в тексте запрашиваемой информации
		15		Просмотровое и поисковое чтение с целью определения отсутствия в тексте запрашиваемой информации
		16		Поисковое чтение с элементами изучающего чтения с целью определения истинности утверждения
		17		Поисковое чтение с элементами изучающего чтения с целью определения ложности утверждения
		18		Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
		19		Изучающее чтение с выявлением логических связей
		20		Изучающее чтение с выделением главных компонентов содержания текста (с элементами реферирования)
4	Устная речь: коммуникативные модели и лингвострановедческие знания в профессиональной сфере	21	Медицинское образование в России
		22	Медицинское образование в США и Великобритании
		23	Медицинское обслуживание в России
		24	Медицинское обслуживание в США и Великобритании

ДЕМОНСТРАЦИОННЫЙ ВАРИАНТ

ЗАДАНИЕ №1 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

In some cases, calcium renal stones are formed because more than usual amounts of calcium are absorbed from the _______or drinking water.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A substance B unit

C air D diet

ЗАДАНИЕ №2 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

Progress has been made in ________ the cause of the disease.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A radiating B relieving

C producing D identifying

ЗАДАНИЕ №3 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

The liver is __________ in the upper right and central portion of the abdominal cavity.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A examined B studied

C transported D located

ЗАДАНИЕ №4 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

The mucous cells of the gastric ______ secrete large quantities of thin mucus.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A parts B departments

C deposits D glands

ЗАДАНИЕ №5 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Выберите существительное

to force; forceful; forcefully; force

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A force B forcefully

C forceful D to force

ЗАДАНИЕ №6 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

The largest part of the entire brain is the cerebrum. _______ is more developed in humans than in any other animal.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A he B it

C its D itself

ЗАДАНИЕ №7 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

The colon is the _______ section of the large intestine.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A larger B large

C largely D largest

ЗАДАНИЕ №8 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Выберите правильный перевод подчеркнутого слова

To combat the infection a suitable antibiotic should be used for no less than 10 days.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A из-за B в течение

C для D благодаря

ЗАДАНИЕ №9 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Выберите правильный перевод подчеркнутого слова

The large intestine is so named because its diameter is greater than that of the small intestine.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A хотя B из-за

C потому, что D если

ЗАДАНИЕ №10 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

Lymph vessels _______in all parts of the body except the central nervous system, bone, cartilage, and teeth.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A are being found B are finding

C are found D find

ЗАДАНИЕ №11 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильный из предложенных вариантов

These drugs are not likely ________ any problems of chronic insomnia.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A solve B solving

C to solve D to be solved

ЗАДАНИЕ №12 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Выберите подлежащее

The major function of saliva is to help in the process of digestion.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A function B saliva

C to help D process

ЗАДАНИЕ №13 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ознакомьтесь с текстом, чтобы получить общее представление о его содержании и выполните задание

(1) Vitamin C is also called ascorbic acid. It dissolves in water. It is found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. Vitamin C helps wounds heal. Lack of vitamin C can cause a sickness called scurvy, a form of avitaminosis that is characterized by loose teeth, hemorrhages into muscles of the extremities and into joints, superficial bleeding, and fragility of blood vessels, compromised immunity, and anemia. Lack of Vitamin C was a serious health problem on long ocean trips where supplies of fresh fruit were quickly used up. Many people died from scurvy on such trips. Vitamin C was first found in 1928, and in 1932 it was proved to stop scurvy. Now scurvy occurs for the most part in city areas where very poor people live.

(2) Citrus fruits (such as lime, lemon, orange, and grapefruit) are good sources of vitamin C. Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, blackcurrants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, green peppers, and kiwifruit. The amount of vitamin C in foods of plant origin depends on the kind of plant, the kind of soil where it grew, how much rain and sun it got, the length of time since it was picked, and how it was stored since then. Cooking food destroys vitamin C. Most species of animals synthesize their own vitamin C. It is therefore not a vitamin for them. Synthesis is achieved through a sequence of enzyme driven steps, which convert glucose to ascorbic acid. It is carried out either in the kidneys or the liver.  It was only realized in the 1920s that some cuts of meat and fish are also a source of vitamin C for humans. The muscle and fat that make up the modern western diet are however poor sources.

(3) As a participant in hydroxylation, vitamin C is needed for the production of collagen in the connective tissue. These fibers are in many places throughout the body; providing firm but flexible structure. Some tissues have a greater percentage of collagen, especially: skin, mucous membranes, teeth, and bones. Vitamin C is required for making of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in the nervous system or in the adrenal glands. Vitamin C is also needed to make carnitine, important in the transfer of energy to the cell mitochondria. It is a strong antioxidant. The tissues with greatest percentage of vitamin C—over 100 times the level in blood plasma — are the adrenal glands, pituitary, thymus, corpus luteum, and retina.

(4) A healthy person on a balanced western diet should be able to get all the vitamin C needed to prevent the symptoms of scurvy from their daily diet. People who smoke, those under stress and women in pregnancy have a slightly higher requirement. Vitamin C has a reputation for being useful in the treatment of colds and flu. The amount of vitamin C needed to avoid deficiency symptoms and maintain health has been set by various national agencies as follows: 40 mg per day (UK Food Standards Agency), 60-95 mg per day (US Food and Nutrition Board).

Задание:

Дополните вводное предложение аннотации таким образом, чтобы оно выражало содержание текста в обобщенном виде.

В данном тексте рассматривается…

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A история открытия витамина С.

B источник витамина С.

C профилактика дефицита витамина С.

D роль витамина С в организме человека.

ЗАДАНИЕ №14 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Просмотрите текст с целью найти в нем ответ на вопрос, затем выполните задание

(1) Sleep is a state of rest, which happens in animals, including humans. Sleep is a heightened anabolic state which is necessary for growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular system. All mammals and birds, and many reptiles, amphibians, and fish sleep. In humans, other mammals, and most other animals that were studied, sleeping regularly is essential for survival. The purposes and mechanisms of sleep are only partially clear and are the subject of intense research.

(2) Generally, the reason for sleep is that the brain has work to do during sleep. The details are not fully understood, but it is important to get enough sleep for the body and the brain to be healthy and work properly. In mammals sleep is divided into two types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological, and psychological features. Both humans and many animals sleep about once a day. Some animals, such as cats, sleep many times a day for short periods. When people sleep they often have dreams.

(3) The timing of sleep and the amount of it are both important. Both are different for different people. Some adults sleep best from 22:00 to 05:00 or 06:00 or 07:00. Some sleep best from midnight to seven or eight. These variations are normal.

How much sleep is enough also depends on age. Children need more sleep than adults. Newborn babies sleep about 18 hours per day. Small babies sleep many times a day; human babies do not develop circadian rhythms before they are 3 - 4 months old. At the age of 1 year, they sleep for about 14 hours. A nine-year-old should sleep about 9-10 hours per day and teenagers, too, need that much sleep. Adults who sleep less than about 8 hours a day perform worse than those who sleep that long.

(4) People may have trouble going to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough sleep. This usually means that they are too sleepy in the daytime. There are many things that influence sleep. Also some substances, called stimulants - coffee is such an example - can cause poor sleep. When people have just eaten something, the body is busy digesting. This can cause poor sleep, too. Worrying and stress can cause poor sleep. There are many diseases that cause poor sleep. Fever can lead to bad dreams. Poor sleep can be a side effect of some medications. Sleep disorders directly influence how a person sleeps. Examples of sleep disorders are narcolepsy, sleep apnea and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep specialists - doctors specializing in sleeping problems - often suggest better sleep hygiene to people with sleeping problems. Sleep hygiene means things people can try, such as avoiding extreme emotion in the hours before sleep; trying to get up at the same time every day, sleeping in a cool, quiet and very dark place; avoiding bright light the last hour before bedtime; avoiding a big meal just before bedtime, and getting enough exercise every day.

Задание:

В соответствии с содержанием текста выберите ответ на вопрос: 

Что может стать причиной плохих сновидений?

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A Прием лекарственных средств.

B Яркий свет.

C В тексте нет информации.

D Высокая температура тела.

ЗАДАНИЕ №15 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Просмотрите текст с целью найти в нем ответ на вопрос, затем выполните задание.

(1) Vitamin C is also called ascorbic acid. It dissolves in water. It is found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. Vitamin C helps wounds heal. Lack of vitamin C can cause a sickness called scurvy, a form of avitaminosis that is characterized by loose teeth, hemorrhages into muscles of the extremities and into joints, superficial bleeding, and fragility of blood vessels, compromised immunity, and anemia. Lack of Vitamin C was a serious health problem on long ocean trips where supplies of fresh fruit were quickly used up. Many people died from scurvy on such trips. Vitamin C was first found in 1928, and in 1932 it was proved to stop scurvy. Now scurvy occurs for the most part in city areas where very poor people live.

(2) Citrus fruits (such as lime, lemon, orange, and grapefruit) are good sources of vitamin C. Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, blackcurrants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, green peppers, and kiwifruit. The amount of vitamin C in foods of plant origin depends on the kind of plant, the kind of soil where it grew, how much rain and sun it got, the length of time since it was picked, and how it was stored since then. Cooking food destroys vitamin C. Most species of animals synthesize their own vitamin C. It is therefore not a vitamin for them. Synthesis is achieved through a sequence of enzyme driven steps, which convert glucose to ascorbic acid. It is carried out either in the kidneys or the liver. It was only realized in the 1920s that some cuts of meat and fish are also a source of vitamin C for humans. The muscle and fat that make up the modern western diet are however poor sources.

(3) As a participant in hydroxylation, vitamin C is needed for the production of collagen in the connective tissue. These fibers are in many places throughout the body; providing firm but flexible structure. Some tissues have a greater percentage of collagen, especially: skin, mucous membranes, teeth, and bones. Vitamin C is required for making of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in the nervous system or in the adrenal glands. Vitamin C is also needed to make carnitine, important in the transfer of energy to the cell mitochondria. It is a strong antioxidant. The tissues with greatest percentage of vitamin C—over 100 times the level in blood plasma—are the adrenal glands, pituitary, thymus, corpus luteum, and retina.

(4) A healthy person on a balanced western diet should be able to get all the vitamin C needed to prevent the symptoms of scurvy from their daily diet. People who smoke, those under stress and women in pregnancy have a slightly higher requirement. Vitamin C has a reputation for being useful in the treatment of colds and flu. The amount of vitamin C needed to avoid deficiency symptoms and maintain health has been set by various national agencies as follows: 40 mg per day (UK Food Standards Agency), 60-95 mg per day (US Food and Nutrition Board).

Задание:

В соответствии с содержанием текста выберите ответ на вопрос:

Как долго обычно длится первая, скрытая, стадия цинги?

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A В тексте нет информации

B От одной недели до нескольких месяцев

C От месяца до года

D Несколько дней

ЗАДАНИЕ №16 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Прочитайте текст с целью найти данное утверждение, затем выполните задание

Утверждение:

Правильное пищевое поведение и физическая активность родителей положительно влияют на формирование у детей привычек здорового образа жизни.

(1) At the individual level, childhood obesity is the result of an imbalance between the calories a child consumes as food and beverages and the calories a child uses to support normal growth and development, metabolism, and physical activity. In other words, obesity results when a child consumes more calories than the child uses. The imbalance between calories consumed and calories used can result from the influences and interactions of a number of factors.

(2) Studies indicate that certain genetic characteristics may increase an individual's susceptibility to excess body weight. Genetic factors alone can play a role in specific cases of obesity. However, genetic susceptibility in many cases may need to exist in conjunction with contributing environmental and behavioral factors to have a significant effect on weight. The genetic characteristics of the human population have not changed in the last three decades, but the prevalence of obesity has tripled among school-aged children during that time.

(3) Because the factors that contribute to childhood obesity interact with each other, it is not possible to specify one behavior as the "cause" of obesity. However, certain behaviors can be identified as potentially contributing to an energy imbalance and, consequently, obesity. Large portion sizes for food and beverages, eating meals away from home, frequent snacking on energy-dense foods and consuming beverages with added sugar are often hypothesized as contributing to excess energy intake of children and teens. Participating in physical activity is important for children and teens as it may have beneficial effects not only on body weight, but also on blood pressure and bone strength. Physically active children are also more likely to remain physically active throughout adolescence and possibly into adulthood. However, children spend a considerable amount of time with media. One study found that time spent watching TV, videos, DVDs, and movies averaged slightly over 3 hours per day among children aged 8–18 years.

(4) Home, child care centers, school, and community environments can influence children's behaviors related to food intake and physical activity.

Parent-child interactions and the home environment can affect the behaviors of children and youth related to calorie intake and physical activity. Parents are role models for their children who are likely to develop habits similar to their parents. Child care centers and schools can help develop healthy eating and physical activity habits in children. Sidewalks, safe bike paths, and parks in neighborhoods can encourage children to walk or bike to school as well as to participate in physical activity.

Задание

Определите, является ли указанное утверждение: истинным, ложным или в тексте нет информации

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A в тексте нет информации B ложным C истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ №17 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Прочитайте текст с целью найти указанное утверждение, затем выполните задание

Утверждение:

Доказано, что здоровому человеку для поддержания здоровья надо принимать пищу два раза в день.

(1) There are four general factors of health including human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare services. Health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. On examination of the relationship between lifestyle and health it has been found that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Eating a wide variety of fresh healthy food has proven favorable for one’s health.  Regular scheduled meals (every few hours) have proved more wholesome than infrequent or haphazard ones.

(2) Studies show that in developed countries, the lack of neighborhood recreational facilities (swimming pools, sports grounds) and parks leads to higher levels of obesity. Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children. Sixty per cent of the world population gets insufficient exercise. The social and economic environments are key factors in determining the health status of individuals. It has been established that higher education levels are linked with a higher standard of life as well as a higher income. People who received higher education are more likely to get a better job and therefore are less prone to stress than individuals with low education levels.

(3) The physical environment is perhaps the most important factor that should be considered when classifying the health status of an individual. This includes such factors as clean water and air. A major environmental factor affecting health is water quality, especially for infants and children in developing countries. Over large parts of the world, people have inadequate access to drinking water. They use sources contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of toxins or suspended solids. Drinking and using such water in food preparation leads to widespread acute or toxic diseases and is a major cause of death and suffering in many countries.

(4) Genetics are closely related to the habits and behaviors individuals develop during their life, particularly in terms of lifestyle choices. Besides, people who come from families whose members had a more active lifestyle and followed healthier diets, were non-smoking and non-drinking are more likely to follow the same pattern in their life. The example set by the family as well as the relationship with friends and family can have a great impact on one's general health.  Social support networks and health services in terms of both quality and access to them are to be considered as health factors. Access to health care is one of the large issues of the nowadays society, maybe even greater than the quality of the services.

Задание

Определите, является ли указанное утверждение: истинным, ложным, в тексте нет информации об этом

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A ложным

B истинным

C в тексте нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №18 (выберите один вариант ответа)

(1) Tobacco smoke contains 19 cancer-causing chemicals (most are known as “tar”), more than 4,000 other chemicals, and at least 400 toxic substances. Tobacco is considered an addictive substance because it contains the chemical nicotine. Nicotine is highly addictive with abstinence symptoms that include irritability, anxiety, sleep problems, headache, tremor, and lethargy. Smoking is generally five times higher among men than women; however the gender gap declines with younger age. Most smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood. Children of smoking parents are more likely to smoke than children with non-smoking parents. Because teenagers are influenced more by their friends than by adults, attempts by parents, schools and health professionals at preventing people from trying cigarettes are unsuccessful.

(2) Tobacco-related diseases are some of the biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one of the biggest causes of premature death in industrialized countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. The number of people under the age of 70 who die from smoking-related diseases exceeds the total figure for deaths caused by breast cancer, AIDS, traffic accidents, and drug addiction.

(3) Among the diseases and afflictions that can be caused by smoking are heart and blood vessels problems leading to heart attacks, strokes, high blood pressure. Blood clots in the heart and brain are the most common causes of sudden death. Smoking can increase a risk of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For men in their 30s and 40s, smoking increases the risk of erectile dysfunction by about 50 per cent. In women, it can cause problems during pregnancy. Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are twice as likely to be born prematurely and with a low birth weight. Infants and children who are exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk of asthma, respiratory infections, pneumonia, lung damage, sudden infant death syndrome.

(4) Many governments are trying to deter people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in mass media stressing the harmful long-term effects of smoking.

Passive smoking, or secondhand smoking, which affects people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, is a major reason for the enforcement of anti-smoking laws. These are laws enforced to stop individuals smoking in indoor public places, such as bars, pubs and restaurants. The idea behind this is to discourage smoking by making it more inconvenient, and to stop harmful smoke being present in enclosed public spaces. Many states have passed laws against selling tobacco products to underage customers. There are a number of methods to stop smoking: nicotine replacement therapy, antidepressants, and hypnosis, self-help, and support groups.