MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

National Aviation University

TERM PAPER

COMPUTER MODELING

AND SIMULATION

Performed by: Checked by:

ICIT 323

Kutsa O. V.Ya.Krakovsky

Kyiv 2013

Contents

1. Objectives of the Term Work _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	4
2. Basic Principles _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	5
2.1. Digital Logarithmic (DL) Representation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	5
2.2. Basic Rules of DL Arithmetic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	7
2.3. Basic Algorithms of Data Processing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	8
3. Models of Data Structures in the Main Memory _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	11
4. Processing the DL-Type of Data in Computer _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	13
5. Solution of the Task of Term Assignment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	14
6. Attachment. The Source Code of the Developed Class _	16
Bibliography _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _	28

1. Objectives of the Term Work

The term work in the discipline “Computer Modeling and Simulation” is aimed at students mastering the principles of building inductive models with self-organization, namely, applications of the structural-programming principle for the development of models of calculation (processing).

The term “structural” is used to denote principles and methods of building a model. An arithmetic-algorithmic basis for the development of models is proposed. This basis is a digital-logarithmic (DL) representation of data structures and it satisfies a sufficient level of the simulation accuracy. A construct-operational development of such representation is application of special computer arithmetic.

Application of such arithmetic-operational tool ensures increasing the range of calculation up to a value that allows excluding rounding and normalization, provides solution of tasks sensitive to errors.

A model of calculation must be developed according to the principles of inductive models. Realization of the inductive approach lies in the application of automatic changing of the calculation range, which provides the accuracy of the solution.

Self-organization and self-instruction are realized as a process of choosing the range formation via the parameters of the binary word length and data word length. The development of an inductive model is realized by the appropriate routine using a high-level programming language such as С, С++, FORTRAN, PASCAL etc.

The object of design in the term work is an algorithm of calculation–processing on the basis of DL arithmetic and on the principles of self-organization.

2. Basic Principles

2.1. Digital Logarithmic (dl) Representation

Fundamentals of data representation in a computer are numerical systems. A numerical system is a method of representation and notation (writing) of numbers, which is defined by a set of rules and formulae [1-2]. When constructing numerical systems, the following things are considered first of all:

- the range of number representation;

- uniqueness of representation: a code combination corresponds to one and only one number in a given range of numbers;

- constructivity in performing the operations of addition and multiplication;

- operations of conversion from one numerical system into another and vice-versa;

- possibility to increase the speed of performing operations in the future;

- operational devices performing algorithms of processing are easy to control;

- processability of realized operations built on the arithmetic-logical basis of a chosen numerical system.

One of the basic tendencies in the development of computer engineering is application of non-traditional data coding-depicting. So, in spite of principal differences between positional and non-positional coding, a possibility of uniting these two systems into one which would have positive features of its components has been proven [1-2].

Investigating the possibilities of application of non-traditional codes for realization of multiplicative operations as well as general requirements to constructivity of data coding (possibilities of operations performing), original data coding has been proposed, which has got the name Digital Logarithmic (DL) [1-2].

Definition. Digital Logarithmic (DL) representation (coding) of data is a depicting of a binary operand in the form of a set of binary codes of non-zero digits {Nx_i} of the same operand, each of which is determined as the result of calculating the binary logarithm of this digit’s weight:

x_i {Nx_i = log₂x_{i *} pⁱ | x_i 0},

where х_i is a non-zero digit, р is the radix of the numerical system.

The basic concepts of DL data representation are given in [1-2]. Any positive number А may be represented in terms of finite or infinite fractions [1-4]:

or , where are digits of the number А (a set of digits depends on the radix of a numerical system), p is the radix of a numerical system, a_m is the most significant digit of the number А.

In DL representation, each binary non-zero digit is represented as a code , which is determined as a binary logarithm of the quantity represented by this digit:

( ).

In other words, is the number (code) of a non-zero digit. The number А (numerical operand) is depicted as a set of binary codes . For example, the fixed-point binary number in DL-representation takes the form: А=12.8.7.5.2.0.-1.-3.

From the practical point of view, the most convenient structure for using DL-representation of the number A is that which contains the sign of the number A, the number of its significant digits, and the set of DL codes. The general view of such a structure is:

A signAQ_AN₁N₂N₃N₄…N_Q,

where is the field of the sign of A (0 for a positive number and 1 for a negative number), is the field of the number of significant digits, and is the field of DL codes. For the mentioned above example, the number А is depicted as А_DL= 0.8.12.8.7.5.2.0.-1.-3.

Conversion from the binary representation of А to the form, where each non-zero digit is represented by its number, is determined unambiguously and realized without additional functional conversions –operations of substitution are performed for each non-zero digit.

The binary operands А = +111111000111 and В = +10100100001 in DL codes are: А_DL = 0.9.11.10.9.8.7.6.2.1.0. and B_DL = 0.4.10.8.5.0.

For the reverse conversion into binary representation (binary code), a decoding operation must be done.

The use of DL representation makes it possible to build a common structure for floating-point and fixed-point formats. For each number of a non-zero digit in the floating-point format, the representation capacity must be increased by 1 bit; the value of the order is added to each number if this order is the power index of 2.

Consequently, the structure of generalized representation for floating-point and fixed-point formats has the form (p is the exponent of A):

Sign A

Q

± N1 ± p

± N2 ± p

…

…

± NQ ± p

The same structure is applicable for the natural point. Thus, when using DL coding, data – numerical operands (integers, fractions, and mixed fractions) – have the same structure of representation.

The set of numbers depicted in the DL code has the following features:

- DL coding (representation) is a limited subset of rational numbers;

- the set of DL codes is symmetric about the number zero;

- DL elements are uniformly distributed along the line of real numbers, which significantly increases the precision of data representation.

Representation of the number zero in DL coding should be pointed out. A factor Q characterizing the number of significant digits is used in each operand of DL-code structures. If an operand is equal to zero, the factor Q is equal to zero too (Q = 0), i.e. the operand has no significant digits. Such representation of zero in the computer environment is the most precise since it corresponds to the physical treatment of the zero value but not to the mathematical model accepted in different computers.

Thus, each DL-representation of a number in the computer environment is a one-dimensional array. Such an array is programmed with elements of “INTEGER” type as the position numbers of non-zero digits are integer numbers.

DL coding (representation) is a hierarchical system with an alphabet (carrier) which coincides with the alphabet of the binary system, the onto function being a logarithmic function the domain of which are the non-zero digits of operands

_S : А₂ А_DL, _S = log₂ a_ipⁱ .

In DL-representation (coding), the numeric range extends significantly. The range of number representation increases by several orders according to the sizes of the bit net of the computer or computer environment employed [1-2]. It is due to the fact that it is not of the number A itself that is represented in the bit-net, but sets of codes , that are numerically (equal to) the binary exponents of significant digits in the binary form of the number А. The above-mentioned elements constitute the DL form of the number, and the computer’s bit net is used for their representation.

Thus, under the traditional approach, the maximal integer sign number, in the case of an n-bit net, may be written as: A_max = 2^n-1 -1, and in DL coding it is A_{max DL} = 2^mm -1, where mm=2^n-1 -1-(one bit is allotted for the sign of the binary number).

Table 2.1 shows how the range of binary numbers, the length of the DL code, and the range of DL numbers depend on the length of the binary code. The extension of the data representation range reduces the influence of rounding on the accuracy of calculation.

Table 2.1

Comparative characteristic of binary and DL representation by the data range

Binary code length	Range of binary numbers	DL code length	Range of DL numbers
4		16
8		256
16		65435
32		4294566395	2+2147483647 А 2-2147483647

For the DL system, the coverage of the numeric axis is uniform in the whole chosen range (Fig. 2.1).