O

Vocabulary:

a whistle a parcel a postmark

a tulip a bulb to plant

ne morning, there was a ring at the door. ‘That must be the postman’, said Kate, ‘I know his whistle.’ She went to open the door. ‘It’s for your mother’, said the postman. Kate took the parcel into the kitchen and put it on the table. ‘It might be from Gran’, she said. ‘She often sends us parcels.’

Andy looked at the stamps. ‘It can’t be,’ he said. ‘It’s from Holland.’ Kate looked at the postmark. ‘On the other hand, it could be from Cindy. She’s in Europe. It’s probably chocolates’, she added, feeling the parcel, which was in the shape of a box. ‘Mmm, I’d love one right now!’ said Andy, ‘Mum won’t mind if we open it.’

At that moment, Mrs Morgan came into the kitchen. ‘Oh good!’ she said. ‘My tulip bulbs from Amsterdam have arrived! Perhaps you two would like to help me plant them!’

Text Two

«Strange Laws»

Vocabulary:

Illegal

a shoe lace

to flush the toilet

upside down

to get a licence

a swimsuit

to drag

In Thailand, you mustn’t leave your house if you are not wearing underwear. You have to wear a shirt while driving a car. It is illegal to walk down the streets with your shoelaces undone in Maine, USA.

In Switzerland, you can’t wash your car, mow your lawn or hang clothes out to dry on Sunday. It is also against the law to flush the toilet after 10 p.m. if you live in an apartment.

In Singapore, it is illegal to chew gum or drop litter. You can’t smoke in public places.

In Saudi Arabia, women can’t drive cars.

In England, you mustn’t stick a stamp on an envelope upside down if it has the Queen’s picture on it. It is illegal to leave bags unattended.

Every man must grow a beard in Brainerd, Minnesota.

Between the hours of 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. in France, 70 per cent of music on the radio has to be by French artists.

In Kentucky, USA, you mustn’t marry the same man more than three times.

If you have more than one child in China, you have to pay a fine.

In Denmark, you can’t start your car when someone is lying underneath it.

In Italy, men mustn’t wear skirts.

You have to get a licence to paint your house in Sweden.

In Florida, USA, you mustn’t sing in a public place while you are wearing a swimsuit.

In Toronto, Canada, you can’t drag a dead horse down Yonge Street on Sunday.

And if you are in Hawaii and you are laughing at these strange laws, don’t! In Hawaii, you mustn’t laugh after 10 p.m.

Text Three

«Race to the South Pole»

O

Vocabulary:

polar a food depot to pull to push sledge rapid to break down

to be devastated to survive a diary at noon courage to fail to win the race

n 1 June, 1910, Captain Scott left London to begin his Antarctic expedition. On his way, he received a telegram from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen: “Am going South.” So the race to the South Pole was on!

During the polar summer of 1910 – 1911, both teams organized food depots in preparation for their expeditions the following year.

Amundsen was the first to leave, on 15 October, 1911. He had teams of dogs pulling the sledges and all his men were on skis. Because of this he made rapid progress. Scott left on 1 November and soon had problems. First, his two motor sledges broke down, and then the ponies began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. After a while, Scott and his men had to push the sledges themselves.

Amundsen reached the Pole on 14 December and put a Norwegian flag there. Scott finally arrived at the Pole with four companions on 17 January. They were devastated when they saw the Norwegian flag.

Their return journey was one of the worst in the history of exploration. Scott and his companions didn’t survive the return journey. Scott’s diary was found beside his body.

16 or 17 March

Things are getting worse. Two days ago, at noon, poor Titus Oates said he couldn’t continue because of his leg. He asked us to leave him in his sleeping bag. We could not do that. We completed our afternoon march. At night he was worse, and we knew that the end was near. Oates’ last thoughts were of his Mother. Hope never left him before the end. There was a wild snowstorm. He said ‘I am just going outside. I may be sometime.’ He went out into the snowstorm, and we have not seen him since. We knew that poor Oates was walking away to die. It was an act of a brave man. We all hope to meet the end with this kind of courage – and surely death is not far away. We talk all the time of completing the trip. But I don’t think any of us believes it in his heart.

The news of Scott’s death shocked the world. He had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the remarkable courage shown by Captain Scott and his men made them into heroes.

Dialogue

«Dial 999»

Nancy: Harold: Peter: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Peter: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Peter: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Peter:

Gosh, it’s dark here. Switch on your torch, Peter. All right. Yes, that’s better. Now we can see more. Nancy, there are some steps here. Watch it. !!! What’s the matter, Nancy? Did you hear something? Y Vocabulary: a torch a step a bit powder to call the police to use the telephone Watch it! es, listen. Did you hear that noise? No, I didn’t hear anything. It’s only the wind. There it is again. Yes, now I hear something. What is it? I think it’s an animal. Yes, it’s a rat. There it goes. It’s only a rat. Were you afraid, Nancy? A bit. I don’t like it. Be careful, Peter. These steps aren’t safe. Watch it. Help! Peter, where are you? Here, at the bottom of the steps. Oh, dear, are you all right? Yes, nothing broken. But look at all these boxes. Give me the torch, Nancy, please. Look. Small packets with white powder. Drugs! Do you remember that news about drug smuggling on the south coast? That’s it. These are the stolen drugs. We must tell the police. But there’s no telephone here. Of course not. But they’ve got a telephone at the farm. Peter, you must run to the farm and call the police. We’ll stay here, and have a look round. All right? All right. So long. ........... Mrs McDonald! Can I use the telephone, please?

Mrs McDonald: It’s in the dining-room near the door. Was there an accident?

Peter: No, we have found the drugs.

Mrs McDonald: The drugs? What drugs?

Peter:

The Police. Uncle David. Dial 999. 999

Uncle David: Police station. Sergeant Robinson speaking.

Peter: David: Peter: David: Peter: David: Peter: David: Peter:

Hello, is that you, Uncle David? This is Peter. What’s the matter? Well, we were in the castle, and I fell into a cellar and then we saw boxes. Boxes? Yes, and in those boxes were small packets of drugs. I’ll come at once. Where are you now? I’m calling from the McDonald’s farm Wait for me there. I’ll be with you in a few minutes. All right.

Grammar Notes: Forms and Patterns.

1. Modal verbs “must, have to, should”

1. Forms

Positive and Negative				Questions
I you he/she/it we they	must mustn’t should shouldn’t	do it.		Must Should	I you he/she/it we they	do it?

Positive and Negative					Questions
I We You They	have don’t have	to work hard.		Do		I we you they	have to work hard?
He She It	has doesn’t have			Does		he she it

2. Meaning.

• We use must to express:

1. obligation: e.g. You must be in at 8 sharp.

2. logical deduction: e.g. Tom left at 8; he must be at home by now.

3. strong prohibition (mustn’t): e.g. Children mustn’t play with matches.

• We use should to express duty and advisability:

  e.g. You should help the poor. You shouldn’t tell lies.

• We use have to to express strong obligation. The obligation comes from «outside» – perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or someone in authority.

e.g. I have to work at the week-ends.

2. Reported Speech

1. Meaning.

We use direct speech to state a speaker’s exact words.

We use reported speech to communicate a person’s words to another person.

e.g.	‘I can’t continue’, Oates said. (direct speech). Oates said (that) he couldn’t continue. (reported speech)

2. Reported statements.

The usual rule is that the verb form moves «one tense back».

Present  past

e.g.	‘I love you’.  He said (that) he loved me. ‘I’m going out now’.  Ann said (that) she was going out.

Present Perfect  Past Perfect

e.g.	‘We have met before?’  She said they had met before.

Past Simple  Past Perfect

e.g.	‘We met in 1997’.  He said they had met in 1997.

Will  would

e.g.	‘I’ll mend it for you’.  She said that she would mend it for me.

Can  could

e.g.	‘I can swim,’  She said she could swim.

Besides verb changes there are changes of the pronouns and the time adverbials.

Pronouns				Time adverbials
I/you we/you me/you us/you this these	     	he/she they him/her them that those		yesterday today tomorrow last week a month ago next week	     	the day before/previous day that day the next day the week before a month before the following week

(с) Reported questions.

• The verb form also moves «one tense back».

Present  past

e.g.	‘Do you like school?’  He asked me if I liked school.

Present Perfect  Past Perfect

e.g.	‘Have you met my wife?’  He asked if I had met his wife.

• The word order in the reported question is the same as the statement.

e.g.	‘I was going home.’  He asked me where I was going. ‘She lived in Rome.’  I asked her where she lived.

4. Reported Commands.

subject	+ reporting verb	+ indirect object	+ infinitive
He	told	them	to go away.
He	advised	me	not to tell anyone.

2. Articles with Place Names

A. Place names with no article:

continents, most countries, states	Africa Germany California
towns, villages	Sydney Tokyo Bilbao
individual islands	Crete Long Island
lakes	Lake Michigan Lake Geneva
individual mountains	Mount Everest Mount Fuji
most streets	Oxford Street Fifth Avenue
town + buildings	Oxford University York Airport

But:	the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands

B. Place names with the:

oceans, seas, rivers	the Pacific the Mediterranean the Nile
canals	the Panama Canal the Suez Canal
deserts	the Sahara the Kalahari
island groups	the Canaries
mountain ranges	the Alps
most geographical regions	the North/South Pole, the Middle East, the Costa Brava

C. Place names with no article or the:

theatres	Her Majesty’s, the Globe
hotels	Brown’s, the Hilton
restaurants	Leoni’s, the Café Royal

Drills

Drill 1.	he – leave Must he leave now? – No, he needn’t leave now.
I – come they – play you – read she answer		he – hurry they – go you – pay she decide	they – talk I – calculate he – be present they – change the clothes

Drill 2.

The coat is probably very expensive. The coat must be very expensive.

1. This is probably the book Charles wants.

2. She’s probably very tired after the journey.

3. Ann is probably ready for the journey.

4. It’s probably very nice to be in London now.

5. That is probably the best theatre here.

6. The children are probably very happy now.

7. Your friend is probably over 20.

8. This is probably Mary’s suit-case.

9. Your passport is probably at home.

10. He’s probably an Italian.

Drill 3.

When must you come home? (a quarter to nine) I must come home at a quarter to nine.

1. When must I go to school? (5 minutes past 3)

2. When must Bob telephone you? (at a quarter past 6)

3. When must mother drive to Brisbane? (10 minutes past 5)

4. When must your parents be there? (16.30)

5. When must Margaret type the letter? (14.20)

6. When must you and your brother play tennis? (11.25)

7. When must the bus be there? (14.35)

Drill 4.

Did you ask the girl? No, but I’ll have to ask her.

1. Did you think about the questions?

2. Did you read the book?

3. Did you see the man?

4. Did you meet their children?

5. Did you know his sister?

Drill 5.

I’ve got an awful headache. (take an aspirin) I must take an aspirin.

1. My watch is broken. (take it to be repaired)

2. My car is very dirty. (wash it)

3. I’ve got a terrible cold and a cough. (go to the doctor’s)

4. I’m getting too fat. (lose weight)

5. I’ve got an awful toothache. (go to the dentist’s)

6. I smoke too many cigarettes. (stop smoking)

7. I’ve got a pile of unpaid bills. (pay them)

8. I’ve written three important letters. (post them immediately)

9. My hair’s too long. (have it cut)

10. The kitchen is in a mess. (tidy it up)

Drill 6.

Do we have to read this article for today? (No, for tomorrow) No, we have to read it for tomorrow.

1. Do you have to go shopping in the afternoon? (No, right now)

2. Do they have to work in the lab now? (No, from one till two)

3. Do you have to take this medicine once a day? (No, three times a day)

4. Does she have to meet her little sister after school? (No, after the theatre)

5. Does Peter have to ring you up in the morning? (No, in the evening)

6. Do they have to write a dictation tomorrow? (No, today)

7. Do we have to come here at seven? (No, at eight)

8. Do they have to start the experiment now? (No, tomorrow morning)

Drill 7.

Mrs Brown is not well. (see a doctor) She should see a doctor.

1. John is so untidy. (be neater)

2. Mary is so selfish. (help her relatives)

3. Mr. Brown isn’t punctual. (come on time)

4. Your friend is very rude. (be more polite)

5. Jane is so extravagant. (spend less on clothes)

6. Grandfather is so forgetful. (write down telephone messages)

7. The boys are idle too often. (study more)

8. Your friend works too much. (have a rest)

Drill 8.

Don’t drink this medicine now. (in an hour) You should drink it in an hour.

1. Don’t order a taxi now. (in the afternoon)

2. Don’t wash your dog now. (when you come back)

3. Don’t take off your coat now. (when it gets warmer)

4. Don’t cross the road now. (when there is no traffic)

5. Don’t speak to him now. (when he isn’t so busy)

6. Don’t write in pencil. (in ink)

7. Don’t copy the text here. (at home)

8. Don’t wake him up now. (in half an hour)

Drill 9.	Steve drives too fast. He shouldn’t drive so fast.
Liz spends too much money. Zed talks too much. Jenny works too hard.		Young people get married too early. Steve smokes too much.
Drill 10.	There is a house where several things are in the wrong rooms. Where should they be?
e.g.	The fridge is in the bathroom. (kitchen) The fridge shouldn’t be in the bathroom. It should be in the kitchen.

1. The washing machine is in the attic. (kitchen)

2. The dishwasher is in the bedroom. (kitchen)

3. The dining table is in the bedroom. (living room)

4. The bed is in the study. (bedroom)

5. The typewriter is in the bathroom. (study)

6. The telephone is in the bathroom. (hall or living room)

7. The wardrobe is in the living room. (bedroom)

8. The saucepans are in the living room. (kitchen)

9. The cooker is in the hall. (kitchen)

10. The sofa is in the hall. (living room)

11. The bicycle is in the kitchen. (garage)

12. The television is in the kitchen. (living room)

13. The armchair is in the garage. (living room)

14. The pictures are in the garage. (living room)

Drill 11.

«I’m going out» – What does she say? She says (that) she’s going out.

1. «We’ll be here on time.» – What does she say?

2. «I have lost my money.» – What does she say?

3. «I go to the reading-hall every other day.» – What does she say?

4. «I went there with a friend of mine.» – What does she say?

5. «I’m going to the theatre with my cousin.» – What does she say?

6. «I had read “Hamlet” in English before I went to see it.» – What does she say?

7. «This book is still up-to-date.» – What does she say?

8. «I like apples better than oranges.» – What does she say?

Drill 12.	«My train leaves at 5 sharp» – What did he say? He said that his train left at 5 sharp.
	What did he tell you? He told me that his train left at 5 sharp.

1. «My friend is waiting outside»

2. «I know these two girls quite well»

3. «We’re reading “Oliver Twist” this term»

4. «Helen’s husband isn’t an engineer»

5. «We don’t remember where Bob lives»

6. «I’ve got two sisters besides Mary»

7. «I’m only 18»

8. «We’re going on an excursion to the British Museum»

Drill 13.	«I met him last year» – What did he say? He said that he had met him the previous year.
	What did he tell you? He told me that he had met him the previous year.

1. «I’ve been ill for a fortnight»

2. «You came too late»

3. «We’ve been shopping all the morning»

4. «I had no time to look through the magazines»

5. «The Greens have been living here since 1978»

6. «I’ve read half the book already»

7. «My brother didn’t go fishing yesterday»

8. «We ate some four hours ago»