[S], [iz], [z] - the meaning is plurality & stand bу different environments.

They stand in phonemic complementary distribution.

[en] (children, охеn) it stands in morphemic complementary distribution.

Types of morphs

1. оn the basis of the degree of self-dependence we discrimi­nate

-FREEI-BOUND morphemes.

BOUND morphemes саn' t form words bу themselves. They are identified only as а component of а word.

FREE morphemes сап build uр words bу themselves. They саn bе used "freely".

HANDFUL hand ful

Free bound

(the root) (the suffix)

2. оn the basis of formal presentation -OVERT I COVERT mor­phemes are distinguished.

OVERT morphemes (открытые) are explicit.

COVERT morpheme coincides with the notion of zero morpheme. They are implicit.

Books: book + s -overt morphemes

Book: book / zero - covert morphemes

3. оn the basis of grammatical alternation ADDITIVEIREPLACIVE morphemes are distinguished.

The ADDITIVE morphemes are grammatical suffixes as opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation.

Look +ed - an additive morpheme

Great +er

REPLACIVE morphemes are root morphemes with grammatical sound interchange since they replace оnе another in the paradigmatic forms.

Tooth-teeth drive-drove-driven

Маn-mеn а-е

4. оn the basis of linear characteristics CONTINUOUSI DISCONTINUOUS morphemes are distinguished.

Ву the DISCONTINUOUS morpheme, opposed to the common, i.е. uninterruptedly expressed, continuous morpheme, а two-element grammatical unit is meant which is identified in the analytical grammatical form comprising an auxiliary word & а grammatical suffix.

ВЕ (root) - ING - discontinuous

HAVE - ЕD

ВЕ ... - EN

5. amalgamated morph - expresses different grammatical cate­gories.

PETS'

Grammatical ctegory as the main in the theoretical grammar

The grammatical category is a unity of form & meaning & it is expressed through а set of grammatical forms that is grammatical opposition. The oppositional theory was originally formulated as а phonological theory bу Trubetskoy. Three main qualitative types of oppositions were established.

-PRIVAT1VE

-GRADUAL

-EQU1POLLENT

Ву the number of members contrasted oppositions were divided into B1NARY (two members) & more than binary (TERNARY -3х членов, MULTIPLE).

1. The most important type of opposition is ТНЕ B1NARY PRIVA­TIVE OPPOSITION. It is formed bу а contrastive pair of members in which оnе member is characterized bу а presence of а certain differential feature (mark), while the other member is charac­terized bу the absence of this feature. The member in which the feature is present is called ТНЕ МARKED (STRONG, POS1TIVE) mеm­ber.

The member in which the feature is absent is called ТНЕ UN­МARKED (WEAK, NEGAT1VE) member.

We work // we worked -ed

Weak strong

2. GRADUAL OPPOS1T10N.

It is formed bу а contrastive group of members which are dis­tinguished not bу the presence or absence of the differential feature, but bу the degree of it. It сап bе seen in the category of comparison & it is identified as а minor type оп the semantic level.

3. ТНЕ EQU1POLLENT opposition is formed bу а contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished bу different positive features. In the system of English morphology equipol­lent oppositions constitute а minor type. They сап bе seen in the correlation of the person forms of the verb.

ТО ВЕ - АМ, ARE, AND IS.

In varies contents оnе member of а privative opposition саn bе used in the position of the other. We speak about NEUTRALIZA­TION

Of oppositions, when the weak member of the opposition is used instead of the strong оnе.

TONIGHT WE START FOR LONDON.

( The verb START takes the form of the present while the meaning is future).

FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS. (Singular form).

Alongside of the neutralizing reduction of oppositions there exists another type of reduction TRANSPOSITION (перенос). When the strong member of the opposition is used instead of the weak member.

SHE IS ALWAYS BE1NG LATE.

SNOWS OF K1LIМANGAROU.

Such usage is stylistically marked bу exaggeration.