1. Trial – process - litigation

1.The term _________ should be used if talking about the hearing of a lawsuit or of a criminal prosecution by a court. 2. In some jurisdictions, such as the US, service of ______ must be made by an individual who is not a party to the case. This person is called a _________ server. 3. Because the defendant refused all attempts to reach a settlement, the claimant had no choice but to continue the __________.

2. Litigation - adjudication – judgment

1.Whether a particular issue in a civil case is a question of fact or law is significant because it can determine whether a party wins the case on summary __________. 2 The requirements of full __________ include notice to all interested parties and an opportunity for all parties to present evidence and arguments. 3. The current legislation is meant to provide for the enforcement of ___________s of various international courts and tribunals through national procedures. 3. The judge in the case has already issued a default ___________ for the couple, barring Chrysler from offering a defense, after the company refused to produce documents under a court order. 4. If we are not careful, this dispute may result in costly __________.

3. Case – action – merits

1. As I have made clear, the disagreement between the Government and the Commission does not involve the _________ of the case, but the procedures. 2. In the instant _________, the question is whether the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff 3. A party in a civil ________ can force his or her opponent to reveal the names of the witnesses. 4. While one might expect eventual decisions to be made purely on the _________ of the case, earlier evidence indicates that some objections are more likely to succeed in influencing decision-makers than others. 4. The court dismissed his case for failure to state a cause of ________.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with the prepositions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Civil procedure has an independent value _____ creating a litigation process that conforms ______ our concepts ______ fairness.

2. Parties _____ litigation must have an opportunity to adequately develop the facts and law _____ support _____ their cases and to represent the relevant facts and the legal arguments ______ the decision-maker.

3. The jury and judge must be neutral ______ both parties, must listen ______ their evidence and arguments, and must decide the matter solely _____ the basis ______ the evidence and arguments presented.

4. ______ review, the decision must have finality, so the parties cannot be subjected _____ endless relitigation ______ the same issues.

5. Procedural rules have to balance the benefits ______ better process ______ the burdens ______ expense and delay.

6. Civil litigation is essentially adversarial, which means that it is a contest ______ the parties, and the lawyers ______ the parties have the primary role ______ shaping the litigation.

7. Judges have become more inclined to encourage settlement and to manage the cases ____ ___ _____ them ______ trying to narrow the issues.

8. A lawyer begins a suit ______ preparing and filing ______ the court a document known as a complaint ______ which, as its name suggests, the plaintiff (the person who is suing) complains that the defendant (the person who is being sued) violated his legal rights and asks the court ______ a remedy.

9. Attached ______ the complaint is a summons, a document ______ the court that summons the defendant to respond ______ the charges.

10. The defendant can raise an objection ______ being sued that is unrelated ______ the merits ______ the case.

11. Discovery takes up a large portion ______ the pretrial process, but the period ______ a case comes _____ trial is also filled ______ legal and factual research, negotiations ______ the parties, motions ______ the court ______ procedural or substantive issues, and other proceedings to move the case along.

Exercise 9. Read the paragraph below and summarize the information provided in the paragraph for your English colleague who is interested in particularities of civil procedure in your jurisdiction but does not speak Russian. If you consider that the paragraph lacks some necessary information you may add the information that you consider to be necessary.

Сторонами гражданского дела являются истец и ответчик. Стороны в процессе обладают широкими правами. Они имеют право давать показания по существу спора (merits of dispute), заявлять ходатайства, изучать материалы дела. Круг ответчиков определяет истец. В деле может участвовать несколько истцов или ответчиков. Дело в суде можно вести самостоятельно или через представителя. Им может быть любой гражданин, которому вы доверяете, a также можно заключить соглашение с адвокатом. Если кто-либо из участников в процессе не доволен принятым решением суда, то у него есть право обжаловать (appeal) это решение в вышестоящую судебную инстанцию. Если вы считаете, что ваше право нарушено, то вы вправе обратиться в суд, то есть направить в суд  на рассмотрение исковое заявление. В исковом заявлении необходимо указать наименование суда, а также данные лиц, которые будут  участвовать  при рассмотрении дела. Это истец, то есть тот, кто обращается в суд, ответчик, к кому предъявлены исковые требования и третьи лица (third parties), имеющие какую-либо заинтересованность в исходе дела. Если иск имеет имущественную оценку (pecuniary assessment), то нужно указать цену иска (amount of the claim). Далее вы излагаете обстоятельства, свидетельствующие о нарушении вашего права, и формулируете исковые требования. Следующий этап после составления искового заявления - подача иска в суд. В зависимости от подсудности (jurisdiction) есть дела, рассматриваемые мировым судом, есть дела, рассматриваемые федеральным судом.  После того, как вы определились с подсудностью нужно решить, в какой суд конкретно следует обращаться. На этот счет существует общее правило - иск подается по месту жительства ответчика, либо по месту нахождения организации.

Exercise 10. Answer the questions:

1. What does the term civil procedure mean? What does the term litigation mean?

2. What tasks does civil procedure perform?

3. What components does fair process include?

4. Can any dispute give rise to litigation? How is litigation initiated?

5. Why do judges encourage disputants to settle out of court?

6. What pretrial procedures are mentioned in the text? What purposes do they serve?

7. What stages does a typical civil case include?

8. What options does a defendant have after being sued?

9. What functions do judges have at different stages of litigation?

10. What options do parties have if they are dissatisfied with the outcome of the case?