- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
Indoor fish farming
An alternative to outdoor open ocean cage aquaculture, one in which the risk of environmental damage is high, is through the use of a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). A RAS is a series of culture tanks and filters where water is continuously recycled and monitored to keep optimal conditions year round. To prevent the deterioration of water quality, the water is treated mechanically through the removal of particulate matter and biologically through the conversion of harmful accumulated chemicals into nontoxic ones.
Other treatments such as UV sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants. The practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing optimum water quality (Timmons et al., 2002; Piedrahita, 2003).
One of the drawbacks to recirculation aquaculture systems is water exchange. However, the rate of water exchange can be reduced through aquaponics, such as the incorporation of hydroponically grown plants (Corpron and Armstrong, 1983) and denitrification (Klas et al., 2006). Both methods reduce the amount of nitrate in the water, and can potentially eliminate the need for water exchanges, closing the aquaculture system from the environment. The amount of interaction between the aquaculture system and the environment can be measured through the cumulative feed burden (CFB kg/M3), which measures the amount of feed that goes into the RAS relative to the amount of water and waste discharged.
Because of its high capital and operating costs, RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as broodstock maturation, larval rearing, fingerling production, research animal production, SPF (specific pathogen free) animal production, and caviar and ornamental fish production. Although the use of RAS for other species is considered by many aquaculturalists to be impractical, there has been some limited successful implementation of this with high value product such as barramundi, sturgeon and live tilapia in the US.
Make two-way translation of the text:
Fish – a Source of Inspiration for Efficient Energy Production |
Риби як зразок ефективного виробництва енергії |
A perfect balance exists between the movements and behavior of a creature, its habitat, and anatomic structure. The sciences try to understand this triple mechanism in every species and put the knowledge they gain to use in developing technology. Research developments in fluid mechanics have revealed the existence of particular mechanisms in the movement of fish in water. Through the sensors they are equipped with, fish perceive surrounding vortices in the water and adjust their position in such a way that they gain extra energy for movement. In 2003 James Liao from Cornell University proved for the first time that schools of fish save energy by benefiting from eddies. Another researcher, John Dabiri, has developed a mathematical model for applying this behavior of fish to mechanical systems. |
Як відомо, існує гармонія між ана-томічною будовою живих істот, їх поведінкою та середовищем прожи-вання. Взаємодія цих трьох факторів в кожній окремо взятій живій істоті є об'єктом наукових досліджень. На-приклад, виявлення різних способів плавання риб використовується для вдосконалення роботи рушійних гвинтів кораблів. Силу штовхання, яку продукують гвинти, риби вироб-ляють за допомогою рухів тіла та плавників. Новітні дослідження в галузі механіки рідин встановили, що існують специфічні механізми пересування риб у воді. Сенсори, наявні у риб, визначають місцезна-ходження нерухомих предметів і вири навколо них. Відповідно риби приводять своє тіло в зручне поло-ження по відношенню до водоверті, що забезпечує їм додаткову енергію для руху. Дослідник з Корнельсь-кого Університету Джеймс Ліо, вперше в 2003 році встановив, що косяк риб використовує вири для економії енергії. Джон дабір продо-вжив дослідження і склав математичну модель для зас-тосування цієї властивості риб в механічних системах. |
Conventional water and wind turbines cannot function properly in a whirling current; the working of turbines depends on the existence of a steady and regular flow. In order to be able to obtain energy from vortices, turbines would need to mimic the movements of fish, adjusting their position to the differing angles of flow. A mechanical device to be developed in this respect should perceive the angle of the current flow instantly and adjust itself accordingly. |
Згідно класичних даних механіки рідин, в спонтанному перебігу виру неможлива безперервна робота гід-ро- і повітряних турбін, оскільки обертання турбін залежить від рів-номірності та постійності течії. Для того щоб механічний прилад зміг отримати енергію з вирів, необхідно щоб він повторював специфічні ру-хи риб, тобто механічний прилад повинен, як і риби, вміти миттєво розпізнавати кут виру і приймати відповідну позицію. |
Normally, wind turbines are set up in high and open places. However, in cities the eddies that are formed by winds moving around buildings and roofs prevent conventional turbines from working efficiently. In order to overcome this challenge, scientists are aiming to develop turbines that benefit from the dynamic principles apparent in the movement of fish, though without imitating the fish exactly. They hope that in this way it will be possible to produce energy from turbulent currents as well. The projects being devised aim to develop different types of turbines to work in air and water. The energy production of these turbines will naturally be relatively low in comparison to common wind turbines operating in strong winds. However, these new types will make it possible to produce energy from winds moving at less than 32 feet per hour, when conventional turbines do not function. So, the total annual energy they are expected to produce will be no less than the regular wind turbines. If scientists can successfully model the admirable engineering applied in the bodies of fish, they will be able to boost the efficiency of these devices dramatically. |
Зазвичай повітряні турбіни вста-новлюються у високих і відкритих місцевостях. При цьому повітряні потоки, що змінюють свій напрямок через будівлі та дахи, перешкод-жають ефективній роботі повітря-них турбін. Для вирішення цієї про-блеми планується створення нової моделі турбіни, яка замість імітації руху риб буде враховувати динаміку цього руху. Таким чином, механіч-ний прилад, виготовлений за анало-гією з рухом риб, дозволить вироб-ляти енергію також з турбулентних течій. В даний час розробляються водний і повітряний типи даного приладу. Під час сильних вітрів дані прилади, в порівнянні зі звичайними турбінами, будуть виробляти менше енергії. Однак при течіях, швидкіс-тю нижче 10 м/сек, коли звичайні турбіни не можуть виробляти енер-гію, ці прилади будуть генерувати енергію, що дорівнює річному виро-бництву звичайної повітряної турбі-ни. Якби була можливість створити точні моделі інженерних механізмів, за якими створені риби, то продук-тивність цих приладів зросла б у багато разів. |