- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
In mid-fifties of the last century conference interpreter training was still in its infancy with the first simultaneous interpretation having been used after World War II at the Nuremburg Trials (English, Russian and German).
In the interwar years consecutive interpretation alone was provided at international gatherings, such as at the meetings of the League of Nations in Geneva where English and French were used.
The first interpreters were not trained but entered the profession on the strength of their mastery of languages, prodigious memory, and their impressively broad cultural background. Some of the legendary figures of the world of interpreting include Jean Herbert, Andre Kaminker and Prince Constantin Andronikof, who was personal interpreter to General de Gaulle and one of the founders of AIIC (Міжнародна асоціація перекладачів конференцій), which was established in 1953.
With the setting up of international and European organizations (United Nations 1945, Council of Europe 1949, European Community 1957) there was a growing need for a much larger number of trained professionals. To meet this continuing challenge, the course has expanded and now encompasses the languages of the European Union and the UN family.
The situation in the early 20th century was totally different from what is known now as conference interpreting – a highly professional field requiring advanced learning and special training. Conference interpreting actually started during World War I, and until then all international meetings of any importance had been held in French for that was language of the 19th century diplomacy.
After the Armistice had been signed on November 11th, 1918, interpreters were invited to work for the Armistice Commissions and later at the Conference on the Preliminaries of Peace. This was the period when conference interpreting techniques started to be developed. According to the conference interpreter and author Jean Herbert, they interpreted in consecutive in teams of two, each into his mother tongue: “We had to take down and translate verbatim [word for word] speeches which occasionally lasted well over an hour. It may be said that that exacting exercise led us to develop for the first time in history a technique of consecutive interpretation, with taking of notes, etc. as we know it”. (Jean Herbert. How Conference Interpreting Grew)
So, conference interpreting was becoming a profession, assuming certain standards in the period between the two World Wars. It started as a non-professional skill, developed from sentence-by-sentence interpreting into consecutive proper and involved special techniques of taking notes as well as many others.
This interpreting process required special qualities on top of an excellent command of two languages, among others tact and diplomacy; above average physical endurance and good “nerves”. (Walter Keiser. Selection and Training of Conference Interpreters)
All this applies to both consecutive and simultaneous interpreting and interpreters.
Simultaneous interpreting came into life much later although first attempts to initiate this new conference interpreting procedure were occasionally made at multilingual gathering in the late twenties and the early thirties. In the USSR simultaneous interpreting was first introduced at the VI Congress of the Communist International in 1928 with interpreters sitting in the front row of the conference hall trying hard to catch the words of speakers, coming from the rostrum, and talking into heavy microphones hanging on strings from their necks. Isolated booths for interpreters started to be used five years later, in 1933. Attempts to introduce simultaneous interpreting in the International Labor Organization were made a few years before the Second World War. Interpreters there were seated in somewhat like an orchestra pit just below the rostrum. They had no earphone to facilitate listening and had to do their best to understand what came over the loudspeakers. They whispered their translations into a sort of box called a Hushaphone.
With the establishment of the United Nations Organization which opened up an era of multilateral diplomacy, and the development of multilateral economic relations a new era for conference interpreting also began. Simultaneous interpreting gained ground, particularly as Russian, Spanish and Chinese languages were introduced as UN working languages.
Questions for discussion:
1. Who were the first interpreters – men or women?
2. How did Joseph become a pharaoh’s counselor?
3. Who as the first translator of the Bible into Latin?
4. Who was the first decipherer of the Rosetta stone?
5. How did simultaneous interpretation appear?
Practise interpretation of the texts below:
1. Visit to Russia of Queen Elizabeth the Second of Great Britain Elizabeth the Second of Great Britain is currently on a state visit in Russia. The Catherine Hall of the Great Kremlin Palace was the setting for a conversation between Queen Elizabeth the Second of Great Britain, who was with her husband the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Russian President Boris Yeltsin accompanied by his wife Naina. Reporting from Moscow on the arrival of the Royal couple in Russia, the Times correspondent said that «the Queen has begun her historic visit to Russia with a warm official reception by President Boris Yeltsin against a backdrop of stunning magnificence recalling the sacred images associated with the Christian and imperial history of the country. Another British paper The Daily Telegraph considers that the visit will lay the basis for new relationships between Russia and western Europe. Translator's decisions 1.... the Catherine Hall ... was the setting for a conversation ... 2.... against a backdrop of stunning magnificence ... 3.... the visit will lay the basis for new relationships ... The Russian president's press secretary stated that Boris Yeltsin is regarding Queen Elizabeth's visit as her Majesty's approval of Russia's democratic reforms. In conversation with British journalists he said that the Queen would never have come to a country with a totalitarian regime. According to his press secretary, Mr.Yeltsin is extremely gratified by the visit and considers it historical and philosophical acknowledgement of the fact that Russia has changed.
Translator's Decisions 1. ... is extremely gratified by the visit ... A cold wind and gloomy sky on Tueday morning did not prevent Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Endinburgh from walking around the Moscow Kremlin. Mr. Yeltsin acted as their personal guide. The Royal couple visited the magnificent Cathedral of the Assumption in the course of their tour, its ancient vaults resoun-ding to the solemn singing of psalms in honour of the Royal guests. Queen Elizabeth and her husband were welcomed by the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia Alexi the Second who emphasized that this first visit to Russia by the head of the British Royal family personifies the meeting of the historical fortunes of the two nations and of their age-old spiritual and cultural traditions. In the evening the President of Russia and his wife Naina Yeltsina hosted an official dinner of her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second and the Duke of Edinburgh. Translation's Decisions 1.... did not prevent ... from walking around the Moscow Kremlin ... 2.... the Royal couple ... 3.... the solemn singing of psalms ... 4.... historical fortunes ... 5.... age-old traditions ... 6.... the President of Russia and his wife Naina Yeltsina hosted an official dinner ... |
1. Візит королеви Великобританії Єлизавети Другої в Росію Королева Великобританії Єлиза-вета Друга нині знаходиться з державним візитом в Росії. У Єкатерининському залі Великого Кремлівського палацу відбулася бесіда королеви Великої Британії Єлизавети Другої та герцога Единбурзького з президентом Борисом Єльциним і його дружи-ною Наїною Єльциною. У репор-тажі з Москви, присвяченому прибуттю в Росію королеви Вели-кої Британії та її чоловіка, лондонська «Таймз» пише, що «королева почала свій історичний візит в Росію з теплого офіційного прийому з боку президента Бориса Єльцина, який було зроблено на тлі приголомшуючої пишноти, що воскрешає святі образи християн-ської й імперської історії країни». Інша британська газета «Дейлі телеграф» вважає, «що візит започаткує нові стосунки між Росією та Західною Європою».
Перекладацькі рішення 1.... у Єкатерининському залі відбулася бесіда ... 2.... на тлі приголомшуючої пишноти ... 3.... візит започаткує нові стосунки…
Як заявив прес-секретар російсь-кого президента, Борис Єльцин розглядає візит королеви Великої Британії Єлизавети Другої як схвалення Її Величністю демокра-тичних реформ в Росії. Королева, сказав він у бесіді з британськими журналістами, ніколи не приїхала б у країну з тоталітарним режимом. Борис Єльцин, за словами прес-секретаря, висловлює величезне задоволення цим візитом. Він вважає, що це історичне і філософське визнання того, що Росія змінилася. Перекладацькі рішення 1. ... висловлює величезне задоволення цим візитом ... Холодний вітер і похмуре небо не перешкодили у вівторок уранці королеві Великобританії Єлизаветі Другій та герцогові Единбурзькому зробити прогу-лянку по Московському Крем-лю. Гідом королівських осіб був особисто президент Борис Єль-цин. Під час цієї прогулянки відбулося також відвідування величного Успенського собору Кремля. Під склепінням цього древнього храму звучали уро-чисті церковні співи на честь високих гостей. Королівських осіб вітав Патріарх Московський і Всієї Руси Олексій Другий. Пред-стоятель підкреслив, що перший візит в Росію глави Королів-ського будинку Великої Брита-нії втілює зустріч історичних доль двох народів, їх вікових духовних і культурних тради-цій. Увечері на честь Її Величності королеви Великобританії Єлиза-вети Другої та герцога Единбур-зького в Кремлі було дано офіційний обід від імені прези-дента Росії та Наїни Єльциної.
Перекладацькі рішення 1.... не перешкодив ... вчинити прогулянку по Московському кремлю ... 2.... королівські особи ... 3.... урочисті церковні співи ... 4.... історичні долі ... 5.... вікові традиції ... 6.... було дано офіційний обід від імені президента Росії та Наїни Єльциної ... |
2. Talks in Japan Representatives of the USA, South Korea and Japan have concluded talks in Tokyo on supplying the KPDR (North Korea) with modern technology for nuclear power engineering. A spokesman of the South Korean Foreign Ministry reported that considerable progress had been achieved in solving the problem, including the establishment of a consortium, which would concentrate on supplying nuclear reactors of a South Korean type to the KPDR. Translator's Decisions 1.... talks on supplying ... 2.... the establishment of a consortium ... 3.... concentrate on ... 3. Taiwan: ready for talks with China President Ly Denhuay of Taiwan said on Saturday that his country is prepared to conduct talks with China to improve mutual relations, even if such talks last a hundred years. He did not agree with the pessimistic predictions regarding these relations, which had been made in scientific circles. On Friday a regular round of talks held in Beijing between Chinese and Taiwanese semi-governmental bodies on links via the Taiwan Strait ended with no result. The sides failed to sign an agreement on the extradition of hijackers and defectors, and no agreement on fishing was concluded. Taiwan was disappointed with China's refusal to recognize it to be a political reality. As for China, it hopes that Taiwan will yield on the questions of legal authority and sovereignty. Translator's decisions 1.... a regular round ... 2.... which had been made in scientific circles ... 3.... ended with no results ... |
2. Переговори в Японії Представники США, Південної Кореї та Японії завершили в Токіо переговори про надання Північній Кореї сучасних техно-логій для атомної енергетики. Представник міністерства закор-донних справ Південної Кореї повідомив, що був досягнутий значний прогрес у вирішенні цієї проблеми, включаючи створення консорціуму. Він спеціалізува-тиметься на постачанні в Північну Корею ядерних реакторів південнокорейського зразка. Перекладацькі рішення 1.... переговори про надання ... 2.... утворення консорціуму ... 3.... спеціалізуватися на ... 3. Тайвань готовий вести переговори з Китаєм Президент Тайваню Лі Денхуей заявив в суботу, що його країна готова хоч сто років вести пере-говори з Китаєм, щоб поліпшити взаємини. Він не погодився з песимістичними оцінками їхньо-го майбутнього, що прозвучали з наукових кіл. В п'ятницю в Пекіні безрезультатно закінчився черговий раунд переговорів між китайськими й тайванськими напівурядовими організаціями по зв'язках через Тайванську протоку. Сторони не підписали угоду про видачу викрадачів літаків і перебіжчиків, а також угоду про рибальство. Тайвань розчарований відмовою Китаю визнати його політичною реаль-ністю. Китай в свою чергу споді-вається, що Тайвань поступиться в питаннях юрисдикції та суверенітету. Перекладацькі рішення 1.... черговий раунд ... 2.... що прозвучали з наукових кіл ... 3.... закінчилися безрезультатно ... |
Practise two-way interpretation of the text:
Страйк у Бангладеш Робітники текстильної промисло-вості Бангладеша почали в суботу чотирьохденний загальнонаціональ-ний страйк з вимогою підвищити заробітну плату. Як повідомили профспілкові джерела, організатори страйку закликають також організу-вати блокаду основних залізничних і автомобільних доріг країни до наступної середи. Напередодні страйку представники профспілок зустрілися з міністром праці Банг-ладеша і власниками приватних фабрик і заводів, проте не досягли угоди. Нинішній страйк – другий в цьому місяці. Перекладацькі рішення 1.... загальнонаціональний страйк ... 2.... з вимогою підвищити заробітну плату 3.... залізничні й автомобільні дороги... 4.... нинішній страйк ... другий за місяць ...
Зіткнення у Бангладеші Щонайменше 25 чоловік поране-но в середу в столиці Бангладеш місті Дакка в ході зіткнень поліції з учасниками страйку опозиційних сил. Страйк оголошено на заклик Лівого демократичного фронту, що об'єднує 5 опозиційних партій країни. Страйкарі протестують проти дій поліції, що напередодні розігнала демонстрацію робітни-ків, що вимагали підвищення заробітної плати.
Перекладацькі рішення 1.... страйк оголошено на заклик ... 2.... що вимагали підвищення заробітної плати ... |
Bangladeshi workers on strike Bangladeshi textile workers went on a nationwide four-day strike on Saturday in support of higher wages. Trade union sources reported that the strike organizers also called for a blockade of the main railways and roads till next Wednesday. On the eve of the strike trade union representatives met the Bangladeshi Labour Minister and the owners of private factories but failed to reach an agreement. The present strike is the second within a month.
Translator's Decisions 1.... a nationwide strike ... 2.... in support of higher wages ... 3.... railways and roads ... 4.... the present strike is the second within a month ... Clashes in Bangladesh At least 25 people were woun-ded on Wednesday in the Bangla-deshi capital Dacca during cla-shes between the police and strikers from the opposition forces. The strike had been called by the Left Democratic Front which unites the country's five opposition parties. The strikers were protesting against the acti-ons of the police who the previous day had dispersed a demonstration by workers dema-nding higher wages. Translator's Decisions 1.... strike has been called by ... 2.... demanding higher wages .. |
Make sight translation of the texts: