
- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
Translation of phrasal units (proverbs, sayings) represents considerable difficulty in two-way and, moreover, in synchronous translation, when the factor of time “plays” against translator.
Qualified translator has his own “gold reserves” of the most widespread equivalents, analogues, phrasal expressions in different languages, including Latin, French, and Italian.
A number of phrasal units (catchwords) which have come from mythology, Roman history, the Bible, from Latin and Greek, have steady correspondences (translations) in different languages, which have become canonical and are not subject to any changes.
Other purely English (or purely Ukrainian or Russian) proverbs can get approximate translation, by changing figurativeness, and sometimes only descriptive one. If you do not know the analogous phrasal unit, but understand its meaning, you should render its meaning, even with the loss of figurativeness. It is worse if the meaning is unclear to you, but the context should help here.
As Lynn Wisson figuratively marks, “Actually one should translate not from language into language, but from one culture into another”. It is very true, especially in case of translating proverbs, sayings, catchwords, in which all riches of cultural and historical heritage of the country are reflected.
Questions for discussion:
What is professional communication?
What are the spheres of professional communication?
What are the forms of initial voice information?
What are the features of general-political informational (diplomatic) discourse?
What are the ways to cope with phraseology in interpretation?
Make sight translation of the following text:
Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
Several women giving birth in one room; lack of privacy, no companion present during delivery; increased anxiety and longer delivery process. |
Individual rooms provides privacy with companion i.e. husband, mother, close friend present during delivery, reduces stress and shortens delivery time. |
Single birth delivery position on an obstetrician bed. |
Mother shown and encouraged to deliver baby in the most comfortable position she sees fit. |
Babies placed on cold, metal tables, tightly wrapped thus delaying skin-to-skin contact with mother crucial for immune system improvement. |
Skin-to-skin contact applied as soon as possible to make baby happier, stabilize body temperature and breathing rate as well as exposure to mother's germs. |
Babies are fed glucose water during first days making them susceptible to post-partum infections. |
Breast feeding applied right after delivery, ensuring stronger immune system, resistant to infectious diseases. |
Expectant (wait-and-see) management of third stage labor causing postpartum hemorrhage and maternal death. |
Introduction of active management of third stage of labor reduces postpartum hemorrhage by 60 percent and helps save mother's lives. |
Despite increased government health spending since 2000, the World Health Organization says the nation's main health indicators have improved little except for maternal and infant mortality.
Although the early neonatal death rate and maternal mortality have both halved since independence, according to official statistics, the WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) consider the maternal mortality rate to be underestimated, undercounting being due to the punitive nature of the control system, which encourages health workers to disguise poor health outcomes.
The nation's population has shrunk by more than 12 percent since independence in 1991 to less than 46 million, and continues to fall due the death rate exceeding the birth rate and because of outgoing migration. In addition, the World Banks says the nation's life expectancy at birth is 69 years, still below pre-independence levels.
In the face of such grim numbers, maternal and child health have received a large amount of attention in and outside Ukraine leading to significant progress on the problem.
Partially buttressed by international assistance, including funding from the U.S. and Swiss governments, infant mortality fell by a third between 1995 and 2006, according to official statistics. And the numbers keep improving.
The maternal mortality rate in Ukraine was 25.4 per 100.000 live births in 2009, still three to four times higher than in Western Europe. For example, in 2009, the rate was 2.62 in Austria 1.65 in Estonia, and 1.62 in Norway.
"This issue was included in the nation's millennium goals (that also targeted HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in the health field), plus the government has been receptive to applying international evidence-based technologies," said Ihor Pokanevych, Ukraine country manager for the WHO.
In 2010, President Viktor Yanukovych launched an initiative to further decrease the nation's 3.3 percent early neonatal mortality rate even more.
One initiative, a 10-year, U.S.-funded maternal and infant health project that covered more than 20 regions and 54 percent of births in Ukraine witnessed an average 12.75 percent maternal mortality rate per 100.000 live births in 2007-2010, compared to the national average of 20.3 percent for the same period.
Evidence-based practices were introduced, some for the first time, at 533 health facilities, requiring little cost. More than 14,000 healthcare workers. When the project started in 2002, birth preparation, birth-giving practices, and newborn care were conducted with outdated Soviet perinatal technologies.
Mothers were allowed to choose the most comfortable delivery position instead of the forced Soviet method of lying on their backs with their feet placed in braces. Individual delivery rooms were also provided to mothers.
"This resulted in quicker delivery times and reduced unpleasantness," said Janina Jaruzelski, director of the U.S. Agency for International Development regional mission in Ukraine.
The project also encouraged partner deliveries and instituted the use of child delivery monitoring equipment, introduced skin-to-skin contact after delivery and immediate breast feeding practices after birth.
Partner attended deliveries provide much needed psychological support to delivering mothers, said Dr. Tamara Irkina, the project's deputy head. Today up to 80 percent of the births covered by the project are attended by partners.
"A doting partner who massages the mother, brings water, and simply being in the delivery room, goes a long way," said Irkina.
And while newborns earlier were hazardously placed on cold, metal tables after being dried after birth, they now are placed on the mother's or partner's chest wrapped in a blanket to get used to breastfeeding. This is the first crucial step to immunization, and helps newborns adopt quickly to the outside world.
"We supported active child delivery management for better outcomes and to minimize the need for surgery or drugs that would complicate delivery procedures." said Jaruzelski from USAID.
The numbers speak for themselves.
More than 50 Health Ministry protocols were issued providing clinical guidelines for obstetric, neonatology, epidemiology, and preventive pediatric care. All 22 pre-service obstetric institutions use revised curricula for post-graduate education in obstetrics and neonatology that now include the majority of effective perinatal care technologies.
As a result, the incidence rate of C-section births decreased from 31 to 16 percent, the rate of induced labor dropped from 29 to 1.5 percent, and episiotomies went from 25 to 5 percent, according to USAID.
"This was a constructive partnership with the health ministry and health practitioners in the region," said Jaruzelski.
"We're gratified to their receptiveness. This has been a serious almost 10-year effort. We've seen tangible results in the welfare and very lives of women and children in the country. Ukraine is well prepared to roll out this project nationwide," Jaruzelski added.
Make two-way translation of the following text:
UKRAINIAN SPACE |
УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ КОСМОС |
Ground-Based Aerospace Infrastructure The ground aerospace infrastructure provides for the management of spacecraft flights, control, and analysis of the space situation, the detection and notification of the emergence of hazard sources in the space, the receipt of scientific information from spacecraft and information on Earth distance probing, control of the navigation field and receipt of real-time information on geophysical events on the globe. The ground satellite network for retranslation of television channels provides for the airing of the «First National Channeln, the «Global Service of Ukrainian Television and Radio Broadcasts/), the channel «Culture» and the TV and radio company «Ukraine and the World» via satellites on the territory of Ukraine, the CIS states, and the countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The rocket and satellite technologies of the second part of the XXth century have streamlined the globalization of the world community. The contribution of Ukraine to the modern processes of conversion of the human habitat are unique carrier rockets, spacecraft control systems and a number of satellite families. Thanks to the Sea Launch Project Ukraine became the third country in the world after the USA and Russia, whose rockets are launched into space both from earth surface and from an ocean space launching site. On March 27, 1999, from the sea platform Odissey in the Pacific Ocean a demonstration satellite, was first launched and then commercial launches started. Thus, the broad community became aware of the technological capacity of Ukraine’s rocket-building industry, which was recognized before only by a narrow pool of the military. Jointly with the Construction Bureau «Pivdenne» and the Scientific and Production Union «Pivdenmash» hundreds of enterprises worked for the needs of the aerospace industry of the USSR, dozens of which became the acquisition of independent Ukraine. For example, the Kharkiv Scientific and Production Union «Khartron» designed control systems for rocket and airspace objects, the most powerful in the world carrier rocket «Energiya» and the light carrier rockets «Kosmos», «Cyclone», «Dnipro», «Rokot», and «Strila». The carrier rockets with «Khartron» control systems have injected into orbit near 1000 spacecraft. Kyiv OJSC «Elmiz» produces radio-electronic equipment for spacecraft docking. The Scientific and Production Union «Kurs» – engineers components for space complexes. «Arsenal» factory – optical and electronic equipment, etc. Control of spacecraft and testing of space equipment is performed by the National Center for Control and Testing of Space Equipment in Yevpatoria, which since the 1960s has been controlling the flights of interplanetary automated stations. Among them are the spacecraft «Misiats», «Venera», «Mars» and others. Based on the need to preserve and develop in the interests of independent Ukraine the scientific, technical and production potential of the space industry, on February 29, 1992, Decree of the President of Ukraine established the National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU), which is the central executive authority with special status, responsible for the implementation of the state policy in the field of space activities and the status of its development. Thus, was established an independent space branch of the national economy of Ukraine. Currently the structure of the NSAU includes over 30 enterprises, each having its own achievements in the aerospace field. Most enterprises of the NSAU continue cooperation with the «Russian Space Agency» and participate in new international projects. The participation of Ukrainian rocket constructors in the establishment of the only private commercial space launching site of the joint enterprise Sea Launch helped them gain world recognition. This site in less than ten years of its existence has launched into orbit 26 spacecraft using Ukrainian carrier rockets «Zenith-3SL». The Ukrainian «Zenith» rockets return to «Baikonur». Under the framework of the joint enterprise Land Launch for 2008, another modification of this carrier — «Zenith-M» — was first launched from «Baikonur» launching site. Russia with participation of Ukrainian specialists continues the retrofit of SS-18 missiles into peaceful space satellite carriers — «Dnipro». For 2010, the first launch of the Ukrainian rocket «Cyclone» is planned from the Brazilian launching site «Alcantara». Thus, Ukraine entered the new millennium as one of the few countries in the world, capable of producing carrier rockets and performing spacecraft control. The regular space launches of Ukrainian rockets draw attention of the countries, willing to enter the world space club, to the NSAU. The space industry of Ukraine finds new prospects in international cooperation with the leading states of the world and developed countries, which with the help of Ukrainian technologies join the space club. The Ukrainian space enterprises participate in dozens of joint projects with NASA, the «European Space Agency», and the researchers from other countries. The most known among them are the US program for space research EXPLORATION, the European programs AURORA, GALILEO, GMES, and joint initiatives with the "Russian Space Agency». |
Наземна космічна інфраструктура Інфраструктура забезпечує керу-вання польотами космічних апара-тів, контроль та аналіз космічного стану, виявлення і попередження про виникнення в космічному просторі джерел небезпеки, прийом із космічних апаратів наукової інформації та інформації дистан-ційного зондування Землі, контроль навігаційного поля та одержання оперативної інформації про геофі-зичні явища в земній кулі. Наземна супутникова мережа ретрансляції телевізійних каналів забезпечує мовлення телепрограм «Першого національного каналу», «Всесвітньої служби українського телебачення та радіомовлення», каналу «Культура», телерадіоком-панії «Україна і світ», через супутники на територію України, країн СНД, Європи, Азії та Африки. Ракетно-супутникові технології другої половини XX століття покла-ли початок стрімкій глобалізації світового суспільства. Внесок Укра-їни в сучасні процеси перетворення людського простору – унікальні ракетоносії, системи управління космічними апаратами, кілька сімейств супутників. Завдяки проекту Sea Launch Україна стала третьою, після США і Росії, країною світу, чиї ракети стартують у космічний простір як із земної поверхні, так і з океанського космодрому. 27 березня 1999 року з морської платформи Odissey в Тихому океані злетів у небо спочатку демонстраційний супут-ник, а згодом почалися комерційні старти. Таким чином, широкому загалу стало відомо про технологічні можливості українсь-кої ракетобудівної галузі, які раніше визнавалися лише вузьким колом військових. Разом із КБ «Південне» і НВО «Південмаш» на потреби ракетно-космічної галузі СРСР працювали сотні підприємств, десятки з яких стали надбанням незалежної України. Так, наприклад, харківське НВО «Хартрон» створило системи керування для об’єктів ракетно-космічної техніки, найпотужнішої у світі ракети-носія «Енергія» та ракет-носіїв легкого класу «Космос», «Циклон», «Дніпро», «Рокот», «Стріла». Ракети-носії з системами керування «Хартрона» вивели на орбіту близько 1000 космічних літальних апаратів. Київське ВАТ «Елміз» – радіо-електронне обладнання для стикування космічних апаратів. Науково-виробниче об’єднання «Курс» – створення складових час-тин космічних апаратів. Завод «Арсенал» – оптико-електронне обладнання тощо. Контроль космічних кораблів і тестування космічної апаратури виконуються Національним Центром контролю та тестування космічного обладнання в Євпаторії, який з 1960 року контролює польоти міжпланетних автоматичних станцій. Серед них є такі космічні кораблі як «Місяць», «Венера», «Марс» та інші. Враховуючи необхідність збереження та подальшого розвитку в інтересах незалежної України науково-технічного та виробничого потенціалу космічної галузі, 29 лютого 1992 року Указом Прези-дента України створено Національ-не космічне агентство України (НКАУ), яке є центральним органом виконавчої влади зі спеціальним статусом, забезпечує реалізацію державної політики у сфері косміч-ної діяльності та несе відпові-дальність за стан її розвитку. Таким чином, була створена самостійна космічна галузь народного госпо-дарства України. Зараз структура НКАУ налічує понад 30 підпри-ємств, кожне з яких має свої здобутки в аерокосмічній галузі. Більшість із підприємств НКАУ продовжують співробітництво з «Російським космічним агенством» і беруть участь у нових міжнародних проектах. Світове визнання набула участь українських ракетобудівників у створенні єдиного в галузі приватного комерційного космодро-му – спільного підприємства Sea Launch, який менш ніж за десять років свого існування здійснив запуск на колоземну орбіту 26-ти космічних апаратів за допомогою українських ракет «Зеніт-ЗБІ». Українські «Зеніти» повертаються на «Байконур». У рамках СП Land Launch на 2008 рік здійснено перший старт з космодроме «Байконур». Спільно з Росією за участю дніпропетровських спеціа-лістів продовжується переобладнан-ня ракет SS-18 у мирні носії космічних супутників – «Дніпро». На 2010 рік заплановано перший старт української ракети «Циклон» з бразильського космодрому «Алька-нтара». Таким чином, у нове тисячоліття Україна ввійшла як одна з небагатьох країн світу, здатних виробляти ракетоносії і здійснювати управління космічними апаратами. Регулярні космічні старти укра-їнських ракет дедалі більше привер-тають до НКАУ увагу країн, які бажають увійти до світового космічного клубу. Нові перспективи космічна галузь знаходить у міжна-родному співробітництві з провідни-ми державами світу і розвиненими країнами, які за допомогою україн-ських технологій долучаються до космічного клубу. Українські кос-мічні підприємства приймають участь в десятках сумісних проектів з НАСА, з «Європейським Косміч-ним Агенством» та з дослідниками з інших країн. Найбільш відомі з них – програма США з освоєння кос-мічного простору EXPLORA-TION, європейські програми AURORA, GALILEO, GMES, спільні ініціативи з «Російською космічною агенці-єю». |