
- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
Cinema/video/TV-translation without preparation is extremely complicated process, demanding great experience and knowledge. If there is no possibility to look through the scenario (editorial script – монтажний лист), then it is expedient to find information in corresponding editions, press, catalogues or at least annotation. If it is a screen version of literary work, then it is necessary to become acquainted with the original source.
In cinema translation the extra-linguistic context (video-line – відео-ряд) becomes of primary importance, which contributes to the translation adequacy. Still the auding problem remains the main one.
In foreign movies, especially in the Hollywood ones, every word of each actor is carefully weighted and thought over by the dialogue editor. Scenario is corrected subject to mass psychology, existing stereotypes and other essential factors. Popular expressions (catch-words – крилаті вирази) become the result of the dialogue editor’s good work. In cinema base www.imbd.com there is a section “Memorable Quotes”, and the best native movies, like “Brilliant arm”, “White sun of desert”, “Irony of fate”, have given us a great many catch-words. In translation they are often lost for objective reasons of lingual-cultural character.
One of the fundamental rules of cinema/video-TV translation says that the interpreter must understand and know what the case in point is about by himself. Modern interpreters mainly work with printed out “scripts”, when they don’t have to strain their ears to hear sound track, trying to catch an idiom, drowned out by firing. This kind of work provides maximum comfort for a professional. Still not infrequently the hero’s image, his character are lost in modern dubbing (obviously not that much expansive) put on the production line.
18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
This kind of interpretation is more adequate and artistic, then the previous one, but requires availability of scenario or literary original source of screen version.
One should try at least to find a critical essay on a given movie, review, survey of cinematologists, etc.
If there is any possibility, then it is helpful to look through the movie at least one time on video, stopping the tape or disk in the places hard to interpret, and think a possible translation variant over.
Cinema/video/TV-translation requires from interpreter great erudition, resourcefulness, keen feeling for native language, and surely, perfect knowledge of foreign language (or several languages), as well as love and reasonable interest in cinema (the more you watch, the better you translate).
18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
Any translation into our native language plays a unique role in developing both national identity and national stereotypes. The transmission of cultural values in screen translation has received very little attention in the literature and remains one of the most pressing areas of research in translation studies.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the great power of film translation. This aim is accomplished by presenting the major modes of film translation – dubbing and subtitling, each of them interfering with the original text to a different extent.
Dubbing is the method that modifies the source text to a large extent and thus makes it familiar to the target audience through national adaptation (domestication). It is the method in which the foreign dialogue is adjusted to the mouth and movements of the actor in the film and its aim is making the audience feel as if they were listening to actors actually speaking the target language.
Subtitling, i.e. supplying a translation of the spoken source language dialogue into the target language in the form of synchronized captions, usually at the bottom of the screen, is the form that alters the source text to the least possible extent and enables the target audience to experience the foreign atmosphere.
Different countries employ different screen translation modes. The foreign movies in English-speaking countries such as the USA or the UK, tend to be subtitled rather than dubbed. In Britain, film translation is not a significant issue as the great majority of imported films are American and require no translation.
There are the dubbing countries, and this group comprises mainly French-, Italian- German-, and Spanish-speaking countries, where the overwhelming majority of films undergo the process of dubbing.
There are the subtitling countries, which are characterized by a high percentage of imported films, and thus there is a great and steady demand for translation. Subtitling is preferred to dubbing in countries such as the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia, Portugal and some non-European countries. In Belgium or Finland, where there are large communities speaking two languages, films are usually provided with double subtitles.
The last group comprises voice-over countries–mostly those that cannot afford dubbing, e.g. Russia, Ukraine or Moldova.
Translation got necessary with the appearance of “talkies” in the late 1920s. At first, American film companies tried to solve it by producing the same film (using the same set and scenario, but different directors and actors) in various language versions. However, this soon turned out to be unprofitable, as the films produced were of poor artistic quality and they did not win over the public.
In the era of globalization there is a huge demand for mainly American productions and, in response to it, markets are flooded with them. A host of translation scholars agree that translation does not take place between words but rather between cultures.
Dubbing as a form of domestication is "translating in a transparent, fluent, 'invisible' style in order to minimize the foreignness of the target text" (2:146). The result is that all foreign elements are assimilated into the dominant target culture, thus depriving the target audience of crucial characteristics of the source culture.
Among all kinds of film translation, dubbing is the one that interferes the most in the structure of the original. In dubbing, the translator has to be faithful not only in the theatrical sense but also in terms of phonological synchronization. Here there are frequent incongruities between what real actors say and how they move their lips, and the dubbed voices, which affects the audience, largely on a subconscious level. However, recent technology has developed a method of digital alteration of real actors' lip movement in order to fit new translated dialogue. Undoubtedly, dubbing is a powerful target culture-oriented tool which makes the source text conform as much as possible to standards held by the target culture.
Subtitling is a form of foreignisation, which is understood as an approach to translation which can be described as "sending the reader abroad" (2:147). It involves the least interference with the original; it is the most neutral, minimally mediated method. Therefore, it is subtitling that contributes to experiencing the flavour of the foreign language, its mood and the sense of a different culture more than any other translation mode. This is mainly due to the fact that the original soundtrack and dialogues are not tampered with, as is the case in dubbing. Although there are significant cuts in the length of the dialogues due to the intrinsic nature of subtitling, much of what is lost can be compensated for while hearing the original.
Subtitling is becoming a preferred mode of translation owing to financial considerations – it is much cheaper to satisfy the expanding needs of film markets by providing subtitles, which are more economical and easier to produce. Besides, knowledge of English has increased dramatically and is now widespread.
The obvious downsides of subtitling are the enormous shortcuts made in the process. The translator not only translates but also resolves which fragments to omit, which of them are irrelevant, and which are vital to the target audience. In an attempt to convey 'the core' of the script, translators often forget that it is not only the dialogues from the main plot that constitute the substance of a film. Other factors, such as various dialects, idiolects, register or expressions of politeness, which frequently undergo reduction, can be equally important in the full comprehension of a particular work.
On the other hand, there are instances in which subtitlers supply the subtitles which are obvious and transparent. For example, some commonly comprehensible expressions like "yes" or "no" are rendered unnecessarily in countless cases. Also various onomatopoeic expressions such as "Grrr! Grrr!" leave at least some of the viewers dissatisfied. Sometimes, however, some onomatopoeic expressions vary from language to language, as is the case with some other animal sounds. For instance, in Snatch one of the protagonists imitates the sounds made by a pig, saying: "oink oink", which was rendered into Ukrainian as "chryu chryu" since those two onomatopoeic expressions differ noticeably. All of the foregoing clearly reflects the crucial role of the translator in the translation process.
Subtitling can be considered part of the foreignisation realm: the crucial role of the source culture is stressed, foreign identity highlighted and the influence of the target culture minimised.
Films can be a tremendously influential and extremely powerful vehicle for transferring values, ideas and information. Different cultures are presented not only verbally but also visually and aurally, as film is a polysemiotic medium that transfers meaning through several channels, such as picture, dialogue and music. Items which used to be culture-specific tend to spread and encroach upon other cultures. The choice of film translation mode largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture.
There is no universal and good-for-all mode of translating films. The methods are dependent upon various factors, such as history, tradition of translating films in a given country, various audience-related factors, the type of film to be rendered, as well as financial resources available. The two major translation modes, i.e. dubbing and subtitling, occupy the two opposite ends of the domestication-foreignisation continuum. Dubbing is a domesticating strategy which neutralizes foreign elements of the source text and thus privileges the target culture. In contrast, subtitling is an example of a foreignising strategy since it stresses the foreign nature of a film and it is a source-culture-bound translation.
Cinema/video/TV-translation is a combined type of translation, which blends together peculiarities of simultaneous, consecutive, written translation, sometimes sight translation, depending on the purpose and character of work (translation for the audience, for dubbing, when post-scoring, etc.)
This type of interpretation puts interesting and difficult professional tasks before interpreter, but for all of that it gives great possibilities for creativity, in this case getting closer to written translation (cinema is art, and the best examples of this genre are masterpieces of world culture).
Translator faces uneasy task not to degrade a general artistic impression, to maintain the author’s intention, quality of dialogues, speech characteristics. It’s a responsible mission to be able to impart the essence of epoch and individual speech characteristics. When cinema/video interpretation is raw or not well done, losses are inevitable, but one should try to reduce them to minimum. Skill in handling logical (cause-effect), antonymic, situational, lexical and syntactical transformations is of unprecedented importance:
1. |
– How are you feeling? |
|
|
|
|
2. |
– I hate nuns. |
|
|
|
|
3. |
– What do you mean? (Dr.House) |
|
4. |
– Lightning can be a killer. (Dr.House) |
|
5. |
– I want you to help me. (Dr.House) |
|
Cinema/TV-serial personages, if compared with the participants of talks or international conferences, in no way take into account the interests of feasible interpreters, don’t speak “for translation” (i.e. don’t aspire to facilitate the interpretation process or help the interpreter to increase the interpretation adequacy).
Cinema/video/TV-translation without preparation is extremely complicated process, demanding great experience and knowledge. If there is no possibility to look through the scenario (editorial script), then it is expedient to find information in corresponding editions, press, catalogues or at least annotation. If it is a screen version of literary work, then it is necessary to become acquainted with the original source. In cinema translation the extra-linguistic context (video-line) becomes of primary importance, which contributes to the translation adequacy. Still the auding problem remains the main one (1:66).
In foreign movies, especially in the Hollywood ones, every word of each actor is carefully weighted and thought over by the dialogue editor. Scenario is corrected subject to mass psychology, existing stereotypes and other essential factors. Popular expressions (catch-words) become the result of the dialogue editor’s good work. many catch-words. In translation they are often lost for objective reasons of lingual-cultural character.
One of the fundamental rules of cinema/video-TV translation says that the interpreter must understand and know what the case in point is about by himself. Modern interpreters mainly work with printed out “scripts”, when they don’t have to strain their ears to hear sound track, trying to catch an idiom, drowned out by firing. This kind of work provides maximum comfort for a professional. Still not infrequently the hero’s image, his character are lost in modern dubbing (obviously not that much expansive) put on the production line.
Cinema/video/TV-translation with preliminary preparation is more adequate and artistic, then the previous one, but requires availability of scenario or literary original source of screen version. One should try at least to find a critical essay on a given movie, review, survey of cinematologists, etc. If there is any possibility, then it is helpful to look through the movie at least one time on video, stopping the tape or disk in the places hard to interpret, and think a possible translation variant over.
Cinema/video/TV-translation requires great erudition, resourcefulness, keen feeling for native language, and surely, perfect knowledge of foreign language (or several languages), as well as love and reasonable interest in cinema (the more you watch, the better you translate).
Questions for discussion:
What is sight translation?
What are the complicating and facilitating factors of sight translation?
How is sight translation with the help of Dictaphone executed?
How is cinema translation executed?
What are the peculiarities of video-translation?
What is TV-translation?
How is cinema/video/TV-translation without preparation executed?
How is cinema/video/TV-translation with preliminary preparation executed?
What is screen translation?
Why is screen translation called “combined type of interpreting”?
Give sight translation of the following text: