
- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
16.8. General Culture
It is not sufficient for the interpreter to have even a very extensive knowledge of the subject with which the conference will deal. He should in addition have an extremely wide general culture, and young interpreters who lack it will be well advised to make all the necessary sacrifices to secure it, even if this means that they have to wait a few years longer before they can earn their living satisfactorily, get married, etc. At any moment, and whatever the subject under discussion, a speaker or a conference may start debating a totally unexpected question. That a committee of statisticians should suddenly deal with medical, agricultural or railway technique, that a congress of lawyers should launch into problems of maritime navigation or the steel industry, that a political assembly should discuss budgeting, migrations or the building of dams is nothing out of the ordinary; but a trade union meeting of road hauliers may also discuss cold storage, chemists may debate points of Latin grammar, and aviators may show some concern for the technique of budget control.
Like journalists, diplomats, and politicians, the interpreter should be able to speak at any time on any subject, but unlike the others he receives no warning and cannot secure last minute information, and he has no possibility of choosing the appropriate moment when he will speak.
The ideal interpreter would be a living complete encyclopedia, constantly kept up-to-date with all that is said and done in all kinds of human activity. That of course is not possible in practice, but the conscientious interpreter should untiringly work towards that goal. As we shall see, the very practice of his trade will help him.
However that may be, the interpreter must have a fairly profound knowledge of a number of subjects which frequently arise more or less indirectly in all sorts of meetings and which non-specialists are very fond of debating. Among others may be mentioned contemporary history, political and economic geography, civil law, commercial law, constitutional law, economics, budgetary technique, international trade, parliamentary procedure, international organization. More superficial but still precise information is also required on subjects such as medicine, agriculture, the technique of various industries, the work of insurance companies, maritime law, physical geography, sociology, etc.
Questions for discussion:
How should the interpreter behave in case of bad hearing?
Speak on the language of original speech.
Speak on the country of the speaker.
Speak on the case of the speaker who uses a foreign language.
How to cope with accents in interpreting?
How to cope with provincialisms in interpreting?
Why is knowing subject matter important in interpreting?
Why is general culture important for the interpreter?
Make two-way oral translation of the following text:
OUR PLANET THE EARTH |
НАША ПЛАНЕТА ЗЕМЛЯ |
Our planet, the Earth, is the home of hundreds of thousands of living creatures. Life has permeated everywhere. It has ascended to the tops of the highest mountains, where there is hardly any air, and has hidden beneath the expanses of the oceans, reconciling itself to the tremendous pressures exerted by the waters. Life has come to the hot, arid deserts and to the eternal ice of the Arctic. Living creatures have adapted themselves to an absence of oxygen, to everlasting gloom, and to unbroken silence. But, wherever living organiams have settled, they need food which has to be distributed throughout their bodies, and they have to carry out the processes of metabolism. They also need to feel at home in their environment and start families to ensure the survival of the species. |
Наша планета Земля - батьківщина сотень тисяч видів різних тварин. Життя проникло всюди. Воно піднялося до вершин найвищих гір у майже безповітряний простір і сховалося під багатокілометрову товщу океанів, витримуючи страшний тиск води, проникло в спекотні зневоднені пустелі та у вічні льоди Арктики, воно пристосувалося до відсутності кисню, вічного мороку і незворушної мертвої тиші. Але де б не селилися живі організми, їм скрізь треба знаходити їжу, розподіляти її по всьому тілу, здійснювати обмін речовин, вміти орієнтуватися у звичному для них оточенні і заводити потомство, щоб забезпечити існування виду. |
THE PROBLEM OF THE ENVIRON--MENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY NEEDS |
ПРОБЛЕМА ОТОЧУЮЧОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ТА РОЗВИТОК СУСПІЛЬНИХ ПОТРЕБ |
The last three decades in the world's development have been characterized by the increasingly pressing nature of global problems that are of concern to the whole of mankind. The accelerated growth of the productive forces, the increasing physical and economic internationalization of the modern world combined with the global scale of world political processes have generated a whole set of organically intertwined global factors which are increasingly affecting the shaping of mankind's future. A place of prominence among these global problems belongs to preservation of the natural environment on our planet and ensuring the national use of its resources, which has for the first time in history come to be an objective reality. Several decades ago the Russian scientist V.I.Vernadsky wrote: «In the twentieth century, for the first time in the history of the Earth, Man has learned about, and exten-ded his activities to, the whole of the biosphere; he has completed the Earth's geopgraphical map and has settled throughout the length and breadth of the globe. In its way of life, mankind has become a single whole». |
Світовщму розвитку в останній третині XX століття характерна зростаюча актуальність проблем, що мають всесвітнє, загально-людське значення. Прискорений розвиток виробничих сил, посилення фізічної й економіч-ної інтернаціоналізації сучасного світу, поряд з масштабністю світових політичних процесів, породили цілий комплекс орга-нічно пов'язаних між собою глобальних чинників, які в великій мірі зачіпають долі всього людства.
У комплексі цих загальносвіто-вих проблем важливе місце займає проблема збереження природного середовища нашої планети і раціонального викори-стання її ресурсів, яка вперше в історії виникла як об'єктивна реальність. Кілька десятиліть тому російський учений Вернадський писав: «У XX столітті вперше в історії Землі людина дізналася про біосферу і розповсюдила свою активність на неї, завершила складання географіч-ної карти Землі, розселилася по всій її поверхні. Людство в своєму існуванні стало єдиним цілим». |
Scientific and technological process has equipped mankind with a previously unheard-of powerful means of harnessing and utilising the forces of nature. The increasing scale of society's impact on the environment has, however, created a danger of polluting and destroying it. The present ecological conflict threatens to deplete the non-renewable resources of nature and to pollute the biosphere. This is why the further development of the productive forces will make it increasingly imperative to work out special measures to reduce the rapid build-up of the pressure on the environment on the part of economic system. |
Науково-технічний прогрес озброїв людство небаченими раніше засобами для підкорення і використання сил природи. Проте в результаті все більш широкомасштабного впливу суспільства на навколишню природу виникла небезпека її забруднення та спустошення. Сучасний екологічний конф-лікт - це загроза виснаження невідтворюваних ресурсів і забруднення біосфери. З подальшим розвитком виробни-чих сил все більш настійною стає необхідність проведення спеціальних заходів щодо мінімізації стрімко зростаючого навантаження на природне середовище з боку економічних систем. |
The global industrialisation of economic activity, the growing population of the globe, the unprecedented concentration of the means of production and people in the major cities, etc. carry the threat of increasing pressure on the environment and on the totality of the natural resources. The resulting ecological conflict ia now becoming a recognized factor in the economic and social development of society. Its consequences are literally being felt in all the links and levels of national economies. The present ecological conflict threatens to deplete the non-renewable resources of nature and to pollute the biosphere. This is why the further development of the productive forces will be making it increasingly imperative to work out measures to reduce the rapid build-up of the pressure on the environment on the part of economic systems.
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Глобальна індустріалізація гос-подарської діяльності, зростання населення земної кулі, безпреце-дентна концентрація засобів ви-робництва і людських мас у ве-ликих містах тощо тягнуть за собою збільшення навантаження на навколишнє середовище і всю сукупність природних ресурсів. Виниклий в результаті екологіч-ний конфлікт стає характерним загальновизнаним фактором еко-номічного і соціального розвит-ку суспільства. Його наслідки відчуваються буквально у всіх ланках і на всіх рівнях народно-господарських систем. Сучасний екологічний конф-лікт - це загроза виснаження не-відновних ресурсів природи і забруднення біосфери. У міру подальшого розвитку виробни-чих сил все більш нагайною стає потреба у проведенні спеціаль-них заходів з мінімізації стрімко зростаючого навантаження на природне середовище з боку економічних систем. |