- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
Lexical "gaps" are caused by the use of slang, jargon (including professional jargon), dialectal words, rare professional abbreviations and acronyms, highly specific items of national lexicon or very specific idioms, e.g. flat–top (milit sl) – авіаносець; chopper (milit sl) – вертоліт, гелікоптер; high–fliers (admin sl) – перспективні, талановиті працівники; honky, honkie (Ame sl taboo derived from honkies – Hungarian community in New York City, USA) – білошкіра людина; honky–tonk – дешева музика у барах, білошкіра людина; pot (drug–users' sl) – марихуана; shiv or chiv (criminal sl) – ніж, "перо"; APC (armored personnel carrier, milit) – БТР, бронетранспортер; TY (total yield, milit) – загальна потужність ядерного заряду; вертушка (milit si); – вертоліт; сидушка (drivers' sl) – невеличке сидіння в авто; мочити (criminal sl); (prison sl) – вбивати; жиган – в'язень, позбавлений прав "на зоні", прикид (teenagers' sl) – одяг, мода, стиль, etc.
Some newly coined by the Ukrainian media words as a result of sometimes excessive purist tendency of "ukrainisation" at the beginning of this century are potential gap–makers. Certain professional political, diplomatic, and administrative newly formed slang or jargon words also belong here. Examples of such words (most of them are nonce–words or "fly–by–night" units and not registered by dictionaries) are: автівка for автомобіль, авто; верхогони for змагання на верхових конях; кермувач for водій; далекогляд for бінокль; літовище, літалище for аеропорт; нарід (заст.) for народ; хрестослов for кросворд; лижварка for лижниця; генделик for пивничка, забігайлівка; скринька перемичок for коробка передач; гвинтокрил for вертоліт; штрикавка for шприц; міжповерховий дротохід for ліфт; пупорізка for акушерка; ветувати, заветувати for накладати вето; заангажованість for упередженість; провокативний for провокаційний; заманіфестувати for проголосити; педалювати (питання) for прискорювати (розгляд питання), etc. Only the use (узус) will over time tell whether such words will be accepted by the Ukrainian standard literary language or disappear. Usually newly coined words have a short life. They cease to be nonce–words after being used for more then 5–7 times in print and then they are usually registered by dictionaries.
Another potential group of "gap–makers" makes up words borrowed from other languages and used in the Ukrainian discourse as they sound (or are written) in these languages. The main source of such "borrowings" is Russian language due to its close historical bonds with Ukrainian, as well as because Ukraine is a multinational state, where Russian is widely spoken in the South and East of Ukraine, Kyiv included. In theory and in accordance with the AIIC requirements to holding international conferences speakers should by all means avoid using words from languages, other than the announced official language/languages of the conference. It means that if the source speakers speak Ukrainian, they should not use Russian, English, German or Polish words and expressions. The same holds true for speakers, who speak Russian or any other language for which interpretation is provided at the conference. However, in practice this is not always the case. Quite often, especially at bilateral negotiations, round tables, press conferences, interviews and talk shows interpreters may hear from, for instance, Ukrainian speakers something like: "Ви знаєте, я сейчас скажу это на русском языке ", which would require a very quick "switch" of the language code of the interpreter and may be regarded as interpretation in the environment of complicated communication, this time – multilingual. If the interpreter knows (or at least has some understanding) of such "third" language – then the interpretation is performed successfully. However, imagine that the interpreter doesn't know the "third" intervening language. The result would be obvious – interpretation will fail and the message of the speaker will not be brought to the target audience. Here are some of the examples, which you will most probably hear on the phonograms and which are encountered in interpretation practice: *так сказать instead of так би мовити; *цe питання стоїть на повестке дня instead of на порядку денному; "палата общин instead of палата громад; *на протязі року instead of протягом року; *оружейний плутоній instead of збройний плутоній; знаєш що, мамо, *Warszawa w porownaniu z Kiiowom – to iak mala wioska (from Polish) instead of Варшава у порівнянні з Києвом – це як маленьке село; в Америці дуже багато *шеровців instead of акціонерів; ходімо до *сітінг руми instead of до вітальні; the Gongadze family were not recognized as *la partie civile (from French) instead of the Gongadze family were not recognized as a civil plaintiff (or as the aggrieved side or as a damaged side – родина Гонгадзе не була визнана громадським позивачем; потерпілою стороню; стороною, яка зазнала шкоди).