
- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
Contextual relationships of the meaningful elements in oral discourse play a key role in successful interpretation of messages. Thus, anaphoric and cataphoric relationships provide for lexical coherence of discourse, while exophoric relationships ensure links with the macro context. Therefore, interpreters have to be aware of the following:
a) anaphoric relationships often help to reconstruct the units of discourse that have been misheard or misunderstood, i.e. they help interpreter fill in the “gaps” in his/her perception of oral discourse (incoming messages) and play an important part in ensuring self–control and self–correction in interpreting;
b) cataphoric relationships play a key role in ensuring efficiency of the so–called “anticipation” (ймовірнісне прогнозування) which is one of the key instruments of simultaneous interpreting;
c) exophoric relationships are part and parcel of the interpreter's knowledge of the subject field of interpreting, his/her knowledge about “the world” and personal cultural competence in the broadest sense of this word.
Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
text |
текст |
discourse |
дискурс |
extra-linguistic factors |
екстралінгвістичні фактори |
communicative context |
комунікативний контекст |
micro context |
мікро контекст |
macro context |
макроконтекст |
anaphoric relationships |
анафоричні зв'язки |
cataphoric relationships |
катафоричні зв'язки |
exophoric relationships |
екзофоричні зв'язки |
Questions for discussion
Give the definitions of text and discourse applicable to interpreting.
Does a meaningfully complete set of oral messages make up "a text"?
What types of contexts are distinguished in verbal communication?
What contextual relationships maybe established in verbal communication? Comment on the peculiarities of each kind of contextual relationships.
What is the practical importance of contextual relationships established between the sensible elements of discourse for interpreters?
Practise two-way interpretation of the following text:
Environment Protection |
Захист довкілля |
Environment protection has been a great problem during the last century. People in all the countries are worried about how to conserve the natural heritage and protect the environment against pollution from industry and other sources. Over the last twenty years many new towns have been built and the pressure on the countryside from roads and houses has increased. All this threatens the environment and particularly plants and wildlife. Now many wild animals, including wolves, fur seals, sea otters and others are in need of protection. Many species are rapidly disappearing. Forests are destroyed by logging and forest fires. Rivers and lakes are clogged and polluted with the waste of logging and mining. Many species of wild animals have already disappeared during the last century. To protect them, some of them are included into the so-called "red book", in other words, these animals are under the protection of the Law. In this connection, some naturalists consider that there is no use to have zooligical gardens in big cities, as animals are often kept there in bad conditions and cannot reproduce themselves. As an example, there is a serious problem with white bears in Singapore Zoo. White bears grew green, as some sea-weeds became rotten on their fur because of hot and humid tropical climate. Workers of the Zoo cleaned their hair with peroxide, but they were afraid lest there will be allergy. Some people consider that keeping animals in non-natural conditions is very cruel. Wouldn't it be better to liquidate all the zoos and let the animals live where they want? Though there are some rare animals which nearly obliterated and are small in number. These animals may disappear from the Earth forever, and it would be a great loss for nature. So people must protect them at any cost, probably to keep them in special zoos for some time. Besides, zoological gardens play a very important role for children's education, especially when studying living nature. Where else but in the Zoo can we see so many specimen of world fauna? So, in Kyiv Zoo there are two thousand and a half animals, including rare animals, such as pavian anubus, hamadrill macaco, plains-horilla, night monkey, cat lemur, etc. There are national parks and reserves where wild animals feel well, free and safe. The National Park Yosemite in California consists of a beautiful valley, surrounded by cliffs and pinnacles, with giant sequoia trees and other rare plants. The Park is a good home for many rare animals. But nevertheless, when we want to see many various animals at a time, we prefer to go to a zoo where we can watch animals from all the continents of the Earth. |
Захист довкілля є великою проблемою протягом останнього століття. Люди всіх країн стурбо-вані тим, як зберегти природне багатство і захистити довкілля від забруднення, що спричиняється розвитком промисловості та іншими факторами. Протягом останніх двадцяти років збудовано багато нових міст, і великі шляхи та будинки витісняють навколишню природу. Усе це загрожує довкіллю, зокрема рослинам і тваринам. Зараз багато диких тварин, у тому числі вовків, тюленів, видр та інших, потребують захисту. Чимало видів тварин швидко зникають. Ліси знищуються через вирубки і лісові пожежі. Річки й озера забруднюються відходами від лісорозробок і гірничої промисло-вості. Багато видів диких тварин вже зникли протягом останнього століття. Щоб захистити їх, деякі з них включено у так звану "Червону книгу", іншими словами, цих тварин захищає Закон. У зв'язку з цим деякі природознавці вважають, що зоопарки у великих містах не потрібні, тому що тварини часто утримуються там у поганих умовах і не можуть давати потом-ство. Наприклад, існує серйозна проблема з білими ведмедями у сінгапурському зоопарку. Білі ведмеді позеленіли, тому що деякі водорості загнивали на їхній шерсті внаслідок жаркого і воло-гого тропічного клімату. Праців-ники зоопарку чистили їхнє хутро перекисом водню, проте вони бояться, що це викличе алергію. Деякі люди вважають, що трима-ти тварин у неприродних умовах дуже жорстоко. Чи не краще було б ліквідувати всі зоопарки і відпустити тварин жити, де вони хочуть? Проте існують деякі рідкісні тварини, які майже винищені, і їх лишилося дуже мало. Ці тварини можуть зникнути з Землі назав-жди, і це було б великою втратою для природи. Отже, люди повинні захистити їх будь-що, можливо, навіть тримати їх у спеціальних зоопарках деякий час. Крім того, зоопарки відіграють велику роль у вихованні й навчан-ні дітей, особливо при вивченні живої природи. Де ще, крім зоо-парку, ви можете побачити стіль-ки представників тваринного сві-ту? Так, у київському зоопарку налічується дві з половиною тися-чі тварин, у тому числі таких рідкісних, як павіан анубус, мака-ка-гамадрил, долинна горила, ніч-на мавпа, кошачий лемур та інші. Існують національні парки і заповідники, де дикі тварини почуваються добре, на волі й у безпеці. Національний парк Йосеміт у Каліфорнії простяга-ється у широкій долині, оточеній горами і гострими скелями, з гігантськими секвойями та інши-ми рідкісними рослинами. Парк є чудовим місцем для багатьох рідкісних тварин. Проте, коли ми хочемо подивитися різних тварин одночасно, ми йдемо у зоопарк, де можемо спостерігати тварин з усіх континентів Землі. |
Make sight translation of the following texts: