
- •Introduction
- •Topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe
- •Topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Birds and Butterflies
- •Health and Natural Balance with Patchouli
- •Topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Microbial Insecticides
- •Topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Topic 5: perception and understanding of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •1.Beneficial Insects
- •2. Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •1.A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •2.Solarizing Soil
- •Topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •The Potential of Natural Fertilizers
- •Open Heart Surgery: a Matter of Life and Death
- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Life without It is only Silence
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Farmland Moratorium end likely to be Unpredictable
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 13
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •1.Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •2. Guess and Intuition
- •3. To See a Speaker
- •4. Automatism of Synthesis
- •5. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.3. Interpretation Typology
- •15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •The Price of Progress
- •Topic 16: hearing as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •After losing West’s trust, ag firms looking to China
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate How Ukraine is changing childbirth practices
- •Topic 20: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports)
- •20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings)
- •20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.)
- •As Demand for Rice Climbs, International Trade Falls
- •Vietnam pledges to punish rice speculators
- •Topic 21: specialized interpretation (Continued)
- •21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting
- •21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre)
- •21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report)
- •Make oral translation of the sentences, paying attention to the adverb never, stylistic invertion and some other lexical and grammatical nuances:
- •The Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
- •The Grounds of the upper Lavra
- •The Holy Trinity Gate Church
- •The Church of St. Nicolas
- •The Cells of the Councel Elders
- •Topic 22: language, speech and presentation skills
- •22.1. Culture of Language and Speech
- •22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture
- •22.3. Literary Language Norm
- •22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.5. Some Recommendations
- •22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation
- •22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis
- •22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis
- •Applications of Agroecology
- •Topic 23: theory of interpreter’s note-taking
- •23.1. General Ideas
- •23.2. Type of Notes
- •23.3. Logical Analysis
- •23.4. Language of the Notes
- •23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Specific types of fish farms
- •Integrated recycling systems
- •Indoor fish farming
- •Topic 24: theory of interpreter’s note-taking (Continued)
- •24.1. Interrelation of Ideas
- •24.2. Preparation
- •24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech
- •24.4. Poetry
- •Pellagra
- •Topic 25: simultaneous translation
- •25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties of Simultaneous Translation
- •25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation
- •25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 25
- •The Koala and Its Amazing Features
- •Topic 26: functional system of simultaneous interpretation. Anticipation in simultaneous interpretation
- •26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •The Power Plant in the Microcosmos: The atp Synthesis
- •Topic 27: compression and expansion
- •27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation Compression
- •27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression
- •27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression
- •27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Topic 28: grammatical difficulties турical of interpretation
- •28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts
- •28.2. Rendering the English Articles
- •28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb
- •28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality
- •28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions
- •28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters
- •28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation
- •28.9. Simultaneous Interpreting in the Environment of Complicated Bilingual Communication
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in Topic 28
- •Список літератури
3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
The RMFA officers, dealing with the contemporary Kremlin master, speak respectfully of his intelligence, consistency and civility.
V. Putin “is not squeamish” to ask his interpreter for advice, how to say something better or to do in such a way so that it could be more convenient – a wonderful quality: the higher the status of a person, the more attentive and courteous he should be to his subordinates (the “King-sun” Lyudovick XIV took off his hat before the lowest maid).
Now the V. Putin’s speaking has become more measured and clear in wording, though sometimes he is carried away into the “humor in tarpaulin boots”. Some parts of numerous Russian population probably like it, but for interpreters those “word acrobatics” are a serious problem.
For example, against the notorious “circumcision” (обрізання) stumbled a young interpreter, just not knowing the English term and being unable to make up something like “operation on your thing”. Confusion occurred, and all the taste vanished. (All those who wanted, could watch it in the program “Namedni”, which was closed, by accidental coincidence, shortly after that episode, detailed and pretty spiteful, was shown.)
So far by V. Putin’s side one can’t see a permanent interpreter-“shadow”; partly because the president can independently communicate in English and has a wonderful command of German, partly because of current salary (by the way, no pay rise or welfare allowance for the work at the highest level is supposed), therefore interpreter has to “turn out pot-boilers” (make money on the side) somewhere in the West, where “synchron” reaches 500 dollars a day. Partly it is explained by labor fluidity (qualified officers are gained over by big corporations and banks). More often together with the president one can see now a handsome and talented A.Tsybenko, graduate of the Moscow state linguistic university. He is confident in presentation and looks well beside his “boss”. A new generation of masters is growing, too. They will have to witness the creation of a new age history.
3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
In his book “Теорія та практика синхронного перекладу” which has become now a bibliographical rarity, Geliy V. Chernov writes, “…Синхронний переклад дозволяє отримувати величезну економію в часі й може виконуватись на велику кількість мов. В наш час це здається природним, начебто інакше й бути не може. Насправді «синхрон» є лиш одним з двох різновидів так званого «перекладу конференцій» (conference interpreting). Другим різновидом є послідовний переклад.
Саме послідовний переклад історично передував синхронному. Якщо професійний синхронний переклад бере свій початок від Нюренбергського процесу над нацистськими військовими злочинцями, то професійному перекладу кладе початок Паризька конференція 1919 року.”
Through all XIX century right up to the WWI French was the international language of conferences and diplomatic intergovernmental contacts.
G. Nicolson in his book “Diplomacy” writes, “Президент США Вільсон та прем’єр-міністр Великої Британії Ллойд-Джордж не були лінгвістами, і в результаті представник кожної країни міг, якщо цього бажав, говорити рідною мовою, після чого його слова перекладались. Цей звичай був не таким вже й незручним, як деякі гадають. Кваліфікований перекладач може перекласти заяву або промову з великою чіткістю й швидкістю.”
The interpreters of the Paris peaceful conference, headed by the historian and professor of the London University Paul Mantoux, and later – the interpreters of the League of Nations: Antoin Velleman, Jean Herbert, Robert Confinou, brothers Andre and George Caminker and George Mateux (French), Evans and Lloyd (English) – were creating the standards of consecutive interpretation. According to them, interpreter had no right to interrupt a speaker. Speaker could speak as long as he considered necessary, and then the translation was made by an interpreter during the same period of time. Edmont Cari gives the example of the translation of the speech made by a French diplomat Andre Francois Ponset, which was lasting for two hours and a half.
Questions for discussion:
1. Why was the 20th century a “golden age” of interpretation?
2. What are the two types of conference interpreting?
3. How did Stalin treat his interpretetrs?
4. What was L.Brezhnev’s attitude to his interpreters?
5. How were M.Gorbachov’s speeches characterized?
Practise two-way interpretation of the text:
Ірак заявляє, що він не виробляє біологічної зброї В Іраку іноземні журналісти в суботу мали можливість переко-натися в тому, що в країні не ведуться роботи з виробництва біологічної зброї. Вони відвідали одне з головних іракських вироб-ництв з розробки та виробництва пестицидів і добрив в Аль-Хакамі. Там встановлено 16 камер, які передають центру ООН у Багдаді все, що робиться в Аль-Хакамі. Як повідомили журналістів, усе уста-ткування в Аль-Хакамі вироблене в Іраку після війни в Перській затоці. Поїздка дипломатів ООН організувала в суботу поїзд-ку в столицю Афганістану Кабул дипломатів, що постійно працю-ють в Пакистані. Дипломати з США, Данії, Великої Британії, Норвегії, Швеції, Голландії, Япо-нії й Європейського союзу ознайо-милися з ходом проведення ООН гуманітарних акцій в Кабулі. Пре-дставники західних країн пообі-цяли продовжити виділення фіна-нсової допомоги на реалізацію гуманітарних програм Організації об'єднаних націй. Проте вони від-мовилися виділити будь-які кошти президентові Афганістану Рабані. ООН намагається втілити в життя мирний проект, згідно з яким пре-зидент Рабані передасть владу ба-гатопартійній Раді. Дипломати та-кож відвідали найбільш постраж-далі райони афганської столиці. |
No Production of Biological Weapons, Iraq Claims In Iraq foreign reporters had a chance on Saturday to make sure that no work was being carried out in the country on the produc-tion of biological weapons. The reporters visited Iraq's main enterprise developing and produ-cing pesticides and fertilizers at Al Hakam. Sixteen cameras have been installed, which send back to the UN centre in Baghdad pictures of everything done at Al Hakam. The journalists were told that all the facilities in use there had been made in Iraq since the Gulf War. A Trip for Diplomats On Saturday the UN organized a trip to the Afghan capital Kabul for diplomats who work perma-nently in Pakistan. Diplomats from the US, Denmark, Britain, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Japan and the European Union became acquainted with the program of UN humanitarian aid in Kabul. Western representatives have pro-mised to go on allotting financial help for such aid programs but have refused to allocate any funds to Afghan President Rabani. The UN is trying to effect a peace project whereby President Rabani will hand over power to a multi-party Council. The diplomats also visited the worst-hit regions of the Afghan capital. |
Make sight translation of the text: