27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression

Lexical and semantic compression, which is the use of more general notions instead of more concrete ones, or simply expressing the same idea with less number of words carrying the same sense in the given communicative situation. Lexical and semantic compression has much in common with a transformation called "generalisation" in written translation. Examples are: nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in the outer space and under water – ядерні випробування у трьох середовищах; And now the floor is given to the representative of Ukraine – Зараз представник України!

The extreme case of lexical and semantic compression is replacement of notional words (повнозначні слова) by deictic pronouns, which is also called substitution, e.g. The issue of illegal immigration was raised many times by the Organisation for Security and Co–operation in Europe – Це питання неодноразово піднімалося ОБСЄ.

Compression, however, should not be mixed up with omission of those words, which carry important information in the message, which often occurs with inexperienced interpreters. Only redundant elements of the message may be omitted or replaced by shorter elements without substantial losses. Thus, omissions of numerals, proper names, as well as other items of the "precision lexicon", are regarded as gaps (лакуни, пропуски) in interpreting and should be avoided by all means. Most items of the precision lexicon (except dates) have no redundancy and have to be rendered immediately before they slip out of the interpreter's memory. Compression in rendering of dates may, for instance, be as follows: in the year "zero seven " instead of in the year two thousand and seven: events of 9/11 instead of events ofthe 11^th of September, etc.

27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation

Expansion (розширення, розгортання змісту повідомлення) is a technique of simultaneous interpreting opposite to compression [Чернов 1987:156] and leads to increasing redundancy of the message which is sometimes necessary to provide clarification or explanation, e.g.... це відбулося у Донбасі... –... this happened in Donbas – a coal mining industrial resion in the East of Ukraine: Тараса Шевченка було поховано у Каневі – Taras Shevchenko, a great Ukrainian poet, was buried in Kaniv, a town to the South ofKviv down the Dnipro river; this was the Resolution of the Council of Europe, which is a consultative body, promoting democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights and, of course, it should not be mixed up with the European Union or European Parliament (the underlined words may be added by the interpreter if he knows that there may be people in the target audience, who do not know the difference between these institutions).

In most cases expansion is technically possible when the speed of the speech is low and the interpreter can make use of the pauses between the SL messages.

The term "expansion" was introduced by G.V. Chernov. Russian term "зкспансия" which seems to reflect this interpreting technique quite well. Expansion is described in dictionaries as "something that increases in size, range, amount, etc" or as "an idea, story, etc that is based on one simpler or more general". A term alternative to "expansion" is "addition", however it is more associated with written translation than with interpreting. Another alternative term is "decompression", however it is more associated not with translation but with computers (decompression of files) or with special procedures people undergo after they have been deep under the sea, so that their bodies can slowly return to normal air pressure.

Expansion is unlikely to be applied if the speaker reads out the text of the peech because written texts are less redundant than spontaneous speech and the speed of reading out printed texts is usually high.

The general approach to expansion in interpreting (as stipulated by AIIC standards) is that interpreters may use expansion only in cases where it is necessary to clarify certain specific matters for the target audience (for instance, to distinguish between Шевченко as a famous Ukrainian poet and Шевченко as a famous Ukrainian football forward or to explain what Донбас is, etc).

Interpreting practice shows that it is highly advisable to use expansion only in the "extreme" cases, where the interpreter really knows that without certain expansion the source message will not be brought to the target audience and, if translated "as it is", would not be properly understood by it. However, most people, who listen to interpreting, are unlikely to admit that they might not know certain things and usually hate to be "taught" of "instructed" by the interpreter. This may result in accusations of interpreters, whom the highly respected audience might perceive to be "more clever" or "better informed" than the target listeners are. Thus, expansion is a sort of the ultimate remedy of interpreting and interpreters should be well aware of the moods, psychological atmosphere of the audience for themselves to be on the safe side. However, whatever circumstances may be – the main purpose of interpreting is to bring the message to the source listener so that it is correctly understood. Thus, perhaps, the key to the "diplomacy" of interpreting lies in finding a balance between correctness and completeness of interpreted messages and the "art" of doing this in such a way that nobody gets offended or insulted. Such art of interpreter's diplomacy is acquired with years of practical work and it is a life–long process.

In principle interpreters have no right to add anything "extra" to what was said by the source speaker because legislation provides that, as interpreters, they bear responsibility for the equivalence of translation and not for the contents of messages. Thus, interpreters have to comply with the code of interpreters' ethics, which requires that they must be impartial and unbiased in terms of political, religious, ethnic, gender and other sensitive issues.

Let us compare the following compressed sentences with their expanded (full) variants and comment upon the methods of compression used. These sentences were taken from the Урядовий кур'єр, Голос України, Kyiv Post, Washington Post and Financial Times and processed by the author of this book with due regard to the relevant front–page headlines. Translate both variants of the sentences correspondingly into English and into Ukrainian.

Below there are compressed sentences with their expanded (full) variants with different methods of compression used. These sentences were taken from the Урядовий кур’єр, Голос України, Kyiv Post, Washington Post and Financial Times:

Compressed sentences	Expanded sentences
Відбувається турнір пам'яті футболіста Макарова. Його орга–нізувала Київська обласна федерація. Змагання проходять під егідою національної феде-рації на чолі з паном Тютюном і включені до всеукраїнського календаря.	Усьоме відбувається турнір пам'яті видатного футболіста й тренера Олега Олександровича Макарова. За традицією, його чудово організувала Київська обласна федерація футболу на чолі з Олександром Яковичем Тютюном, а національна федерація взяла змагання під свою егіду й включила до всеукраїнського календаря.
Віднині 22 січня відзначати-меться річниця проголошення 1919 року Акту об'єднання УНР і ЗУНР. Президент вже підписав відповідний Указ. Цей Акт, підпи–саний за умов громадян-ської війни, так і не набув реаль-ного змісту і обидві республіки залишилися занадто "незалеж-ними" одна від одної.	Сьогодні, 22 січня вже на держав-ному рівні (Президент України ми-нулого тижня підписав Указ, за яким цей день віднині буде свят-ковим) відзначатиметься чергова річниця проголошення 1919 року на Софійській площі Києва Акту злуки Української Народної Республіки і Західно–Української Народної Рес-публіки. Ухвала урядів УНР і ЗУНР про об'єднання за умов воєнного стану, викликаного громадянською війною, що вирувала вже понад рік на теренах України, так і не набула реального змісту, навіть адміністра-тивно республіки залишилися занадто "незалежними" одна від одної.
Буш–старший у своїй промові сказав, що США не прагнули незалежності України. Українська еміграція несхвально зустріла ці слова. Варшава наполягала на розгляді питання поставок російcьких енерго–носіїв на Захід з рахуванням інтересів усіх сторін, через територію яких здійснюється транзит, включаючи Україну.	Сполучені Штати недуже сильно хотіли бачити Україну незалежною: пригадаймо, наприклад, промову Бу-ша–старшого під назвою "Київські котлети", в якій він сказав, що навіть українська еміграція цього не хоче, викликавши в неїзаслужену несхвальну реакцію. Варшава з самого початку наполягала на тому, що чутливе питання поставок ро-сійських енергоносіїв на Захід повинно вирішуватись з урахуван-ням інтересів усіх сторін – тобто самої Росії, Європейського Союзу, Польщі та Словаччини, через території яких має пролягати трубопровід, а також України, яка нині є головною територією для транзиту російського газу.
Україна позбулася ядерної зброї, закрила ЧАЕС, заявила про свій європейський вибір. США кажуть, що відносини добрі і можуть покращитися, якщо Україна справами доведе втілення демократичних та ринкових реформ.	За роки незалежності Україна позбулася ядерної зброї, закрила Чорнобильську АЕС і заявила про свої наміри інтегруватися до Євро-пи, натомість, Сполучені Штати, які надавали найбільше політичної і фізичної підтримки Україні, наголо-шують, що відносини добрі, але можуть бути ще кращими, коли Україна на практиці доведе, що будує демократію та ринкову економіку.
Ukrainian and Russian aviation companies signed a $500 million deal to resume production of the largest in the world An–124 Ruslan cargo aircraft stopped in 1995.	Ukrainian and Russian aviation companies have inked an agreement to create a $500 million joint venture that will revive production of a giant, Ukrainian–designed cargo plane, which they say is enjoying increasing demand. The An–124 Ruslan, the largest aircraft in the world to ever be mass–produced, was launched in 1982 and discontinued 13 years later.
Five Palestinians were killed as clashes mark intifada anniversary.	Violent clashes in the Gaza Strip, which left five Palestinians dead, provided a bloody backdrop to the first anniversary today of the latest Palestinian intifada, or uprising against Israeli occupation.
The Fed has cut short–term interest rates and will do it further when the rate–setting committee meets on Tuesday.	At the same time, the Federal Reserve has cut short–term interest rates and is expected to cut them further when its rate–setting open market committee meets next Tuesday.
Daimler is to embrace Anglo–Saxon corporate governance rules. It will form a "chairman's council" to scrutinise strategy.	Daimler–Chrysler, the internati-onal automotive group, is to become the first German–based company to embrace Anglo–Saxon corporate governance rules by forming an independent "chairman's council" of non–executive directors, which will scrutinise strategy.
146 pilgrims died in central Iraq on Tuesday as a result of sectarian violence on the eve of a Shiite sacred holiday.	At least 146 Shiite pilgrims were killed in a series of attacks across central Iraq on Tuesday. Such are results of a wave of violence on the eve of one of Shiite Islam's most sacred holidays that appeared intended to widen Iraq's sectarian divide.

Make sight translation of the text:

What Algorithms Imply for Us

Different people have different styles of handling situations; as the proverb says "Different strokes for different folks." Another proverb "Two heads are better than one," on the other hand, invites us to ask for the opinions of others. People have diverse temperaments and talents. One of the advantages to this is that people are capable of approaching matters from different angles and finding different solutions to the same problems. An ability to act in accordance with this wisdom allows for intelligent co-operation among human beings, resulting in many positive attributes.

As is the case in many scientific arenas, the first studies in the field of algorithms were conducted by muslim scientists. The concept of algorithm was used for the first time by the worldwide renowned muslim scientist Al-Khwarizmi, who lived between 780-850 ad in Baghdad. Al-Khwarizmi put his name to historic studies in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and geography. His work entitled Calculation by Completion and Balancing constitutes the first collection of algorithms. The Latin translation attracted great attention in Europe. The Europeans used the term algoritmi, rendered from "Khwarizmi," to refer to rules for solving arithmetical problems by using Arabic numerals.

Having first developed as a branch of mathematics, algorithms have been described as a sequence of instructions that is used to solve a certain problem. These finite number of steps begin at a certain point and come to an end with a result. But, today when we talk about algorithms, what comes to mind are the methods pursued in the operations of sequencing in computer programming; though algorithms are used in many fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, and music.

When different algorithms are used for solving the same problem, this enables us to reach the same solution through different means. There are, for instance, a great number of sorting algorithms (selection sorting, merge sorting, quick sorting) that have been developed for the purpose of incrementally sorting a given set of numbers. The same also applies to the search algorithms which find a given number in a set of numbers. What does this imply for us? Different people can attempt to solve the same problem with different algorithms or approaches that are better, truer or more "beautiful" answer. Thus, it is always important not to reject an idea without a prior examination or understanding, to welcome proposals of different opinions and to try to benefit from better alternatives or solutions. Thus, we can understand from an algorithmic approach that establishing dialogue and showing mutual respect are essential moral virtues in transforming differences into wealth.

Computer algorithms solve certain problems according to pre-defined parameters. Thus, we should never forget that computers cannot carry out a spontaneous operation, but can only carry out functions that have previously been programmed into them by human beings. Although some researchers, by relying too much on recent developments in computer sciences, and particularly in fields like artificial intelligence, attribute human characteristics to computers. They even estimate that they can produce human-like things in the near future, which seems rather unfeasible when we consider countless physical and spiritual features of humans. What does this imply for us? Pursuing a systematic method when solving problems in both computer sciences and daily life would considerably increase one's success rate in solving any problems encountered. The most critical stages in problem solving are obviously a correct diagnosis and full description of the problem. The algorithms are developed and the most coherent and suitable are then chosen.

After an algorithm is designed in a flowchart, it is translated into software and tested against verifiable data prior to its usage in real operations. This test is necessary to prevent probable flaws in the software. What does this imply for us? By utilizing all the talents and especially the intelligence granted to us, human beings are always able to find what is better or truer. Research has been conducted in scientific studies by keeping in mind that there is always a next step in any development that has been achieved; the experience of the history of mankind demonstrates that a method that has been developed today might prove to be inadequate tomorrow. When analyzing a number of different algorithms that are used to solve the same problem, the cost is assessed, with the least costly and most suitable one being selected. The cost of an algorithm is determined according to the number of operations carried out in solving any problem. An algorithm which solves the same problem with a greater number of sets has a lesser efficiency and a lesser performance.

Sorting algorithm by insertion

Sorting algorithms are one of the most frequently used algorithms in computers. As sorted data are more easily processed and used, data are usually sorted first with a sorting algorithm before they are processed within more costly operations.

In insertion sort (i.e., sorting by insertion), numbers to be sorted are inserted into a new "sorted" set. The new sorted set is empty at the beginning, and the numbers are inserted one by one into the right position of this set. During each insertion, the number at hand is compared to the numbers of the new set from the smallest to the largest. During a comparison, if the term (number) at hand is smaller than the term in the new sorted set, then the term is inserted right before the term in the sorted set. As each term is generally compared with all the terms which precede it, sorting of n numbers is done by about n2 comparisons. Thus, the cost of such a sorting algorithm is 0(n2).

The quick-sort algorithm

This algorithm is used to find the shortest way between two points. Let us suppose that we have a limited number of points, some of which are interrelated. During this type of calculation, the shortest way is systematically found by checking all the combinations that have been able to be established among given points. The web sources that are provided for planning routes and mapping services with PNDs (Portable Navigation Devices) for travelers can be given as examples; here the minutest details of every highway and road have been recorded to the virtual media. In accordance with certain criteria, by taking into consideration all the probable routes between the two addresses provided by the user, the optimum driving route, including road and street names, is suggested.

Use of algorithm in medicine

Any research or inquiry used in the diagnosis and treatment/curing of a disease is defined as a medical algorithm. The logic of a decision tree is used in diagnosing, curing and following up diseases with these algorithms. Guiding algorithms, for example, "if symptoms A, B, C are observed in patient, then, the patient is probably suffering from the disease D, so, use the treatment E" are used in medical expert systems. The purpose of such algorithms is to standardize the medical services provided and thus minimize potential uncertainties and errors that likely to arise. Moreover, such algorithms are also used for educational and training purposes and as a guide to approaching the patients, diagnosing and curing diseases and towards solving their problems with greater ease. A great number of medical information that has been published has been transformed into numerous algorithms, ranging from those that use simple calculations to those that make highly complicated decisions. For instance, in the algorithm that was developed to measure the Body Mass Index (BMI), age, sex, height and weight are among the questions that are asked of the patient. The data obtained from the patient are later applied to a formula developed from the experiences of medical science, and the said index can thus be calculated. However, doctors should compare the results obtained from such algorithms with their existing knowledge, for even such simple algorithms as BMI become undependable in different cases, for example an athlete or an expectant mother. Algorithms only provide guidance for physicians, but the final decision should be taken by the physician after having individually assessed the status of each and every patient.

Algorithms and music

The algorithmic composition has been used in music for centuries to produce music with a methodological approach. Canon, for example, is a form of music produced with an algorithm in which a melody is replicated by one or more imitations of it played after a given duration.

Human brain, nature, and algorithms

Although the secrets of brain have not yet been fully explained, vital information has been compiled about its biological structure and functioning, thus proving that different sections of the brain fulfill different roles. Such sophisticated tasks as controlling the bodily organs, mental discernment, functions corresponding to the use of tongue and other sensory activities, the perception of colors, calculation of actions and the perception of physical conditions, are all carried out by use of brain mechanisms and faculties. All these tasks are accomplished by algorithmic processes which have not yet been fully explained. The issue of the unification of the data or images received by the eyes is, for instance, one of the matters that scientists do not yet fully understand. Although many have tried to imitate the human brain, such simple cerebral functions as walking and communicating have, to date, not been convincingly imitated.

What algorithms imply for us

As science and technology develop more and more, new inventions are being made, algorithms are being proposed for unsolved problems, while algorithms of already solved problems are being further developed. For example, many ciphers, which in the 1970s were believed to be unsolvable within an acceptable span of time, are being easily solved today thanks to the algorithms that have been developed and the ever- increasing operational power of computers. Consequently, developments in algorithms suggest to us that we should always search for that which is better and more effective; also we should remember that there are a number of different ways that lead to the very same target. Thus, we should always be open to the ideas of others and willing to consult with them before making a decision about any subject.

Make two-way translation of the text:

MADE IN UKRAINE Domestic production is gradually ma-king a comeback as consumers show increasing interest in local goods	ЗРОБЛЕНО В УКРАЇНІ Національне виробництво поволі відроджується, а інтерес спожива-ча до вітчизняних виробів зростає
Electronics Today, few international companies manufacture their goods at Ukrainian factories, creating jobs and supporting the local economy through the taxes they pay. The majority of goods arе still imported. New Wind, a company which imports and assembles TV sets made by Philips, Samsung, Sony and LG, began its operations in Ukraine by supplying computers from Singapore. After a time, they realized it would be more profitable to assemble equipment at Ukrainian factories, and invested $3 million to purchase Philips, Samsung and LG television production lines, freeing them of excise duty and cutting the cost of these products 20%. New Wind decided to take advantage of the high demand for TV sets by selling them at minimal prices and making their profit via high sales. As a result, New Wind was soon established as one of the largest Ukrainian compani-es. They invested almost all their profit into developing production and advert-ising. Expansion has seen New Wind as one of the first to import air conditioners into Ukraine – and was instrumental in convincing the Ukrai-nian consumer of the need for this expensive appliance. Furthermore, New Wind is planning to launch production of small components and to manufacture its own heaters and microwave ovens. To this end, it intends to use the intellectual potential of the many highly qualified specialists available in Ukraine. Well aware of the need to revive domestic production, the Ministry of the Agro-Industrial Complex has recently begun negotiations with the management of Elektron, Slavutych and Kiev Radio works on creating a powerful produc-tion base in Ukraine jointly with New Wind. Viktor Brechko, President of New Wind, is confident that "we have to pool our efforts, and the government will help us by lobbying the interests of our corporation. I'm not afraid of this word – it's something to be found in many countries." New Wind assembles and sells hou-sehold electronics, computer equip-ment and air conditioners. Founded in 1993, New Wind has its own factory and other three production lines else-where, employing 120 workers. It assembles 42% of TV sets in the Ukrainian market.	Електроніка Сьогодні тільки деякі світові ком-панії почали виробляти свою проду-кцію на українських заводах, ство-рюючи робочі місця і підтримуючи українську економіку сплатою пода-тків. Більшість товарів все ще імпортують в Україну. Компанія "Нью Вінд", яка постачає і комплек-тує телевізори фірм "Philips", "Sam-sung", "Sony" та "LG", починала свою діяльність в Україні з поста-чання комп'ютерів із Сингапуру. Згодом, розуміючи вигідність комп-лектації техніки безпосередньо на заводах України, вклала $3 млн. у закупівлю ліній для телевізорів "Philips", "Samsung" і "I.G", звільня-ючись таким чином від сплати акци-зних зборів й автоматично знижую-чи собівартість продукції на 20%. Ураховуючи величезний попит на телевізори, "Нью Вінд" вирішила продавати їх за мінімальними ціна-ми й отримувати прибуток за раху-нок збільшення обсягів продажу, після чого стала чи не найбільшою в Україні компанією, яка вклала май-же весь прибуток у розбудову влас-ного виробництва та рекламу. Роз-виваючи новий бізнес, "Нью Вінд" однією з перших ризикнула завезти в Україну кондиціонери, перекону-ючи українців у потребі цього неде-шевого приладу. Розвиваючись за законами вертикальної інтеграції, "Нью Вінд" планує розпочати виробництво дрібних комплекту-ючих і власними силами виробляти обігрівачі та мікрохвильові печі, адже ще з радянських часів в Україні залишилося чимало високо-кваліфікованих спеціалістів. Розумі-ючи потребу відродження виробни-цтва, Міністерство промисловості України почало переговори з керів-ництвом заводів "Електрон", "Сла-вутич" та Київського радіозаводу щодо спільної праці з компанією "Нью Вінд" над створенням в країні потужної виробничої бази. Віктор Бречко, президент "Нью Вінд", переконаний: "Ми повинні об'єдна-ти наші зусилля, а уряд допоможе лобіюванням інтересів корпорації. Я не боюся того слова, адже це існує у багатьох країнах". Компанія «Нью Вінд» – комплек-тація та реалізація побутової елек-троніки й техніки, ком’ютерного обладнання та кондиціонерів. Зас-нована 1993 року. Має фабрику і 3 лінії на заводі, де зайняті 120 пра-цівників. Комплектує 42% телевізо-рів на українському ринку.
Soft drinks Yevhen Chervonenko, president of one of the most successful Ukrainian corporations producing non-alcoholic and low-alcohol beverages, has his own view on cooperation between the government and private companies. "There won't be any legal business as long as bureaucrats continue to inter-fere in business," says Mr. Chervonen-ko. And he has every reason to say so: on October 11, Orlan became the first privately owned company in the history of independent Ukraine to win a court case against the State. The violator, Spetsmonopoliya, was forced to renew Orlan's license. Launching his business in Ukraine, Chervonenko did not choose his field of activity by accident, He was confident that the government would begin to support the domestic producer, primarily those manufacturing excise goods, to secure a flow of funds to the budget and create new jobs. He invested his first million, earned in professional sports (motor racing), in CIS's first canned beer factory Van Pur. Last year, Chervonenko went into haulage. He is certain that by virtue of its geographical location. Ukraine is destined to become a leading transit country. "I'm no expert in the food industry, where my beverages company is the third largest. Nor am I an expert in truck hauling, even though my company Orlan Trans occupies second place in international transportation. I specialize in creating teams that will flourish in this business environment."	Прохолоджувальні напої Євген Червоненко, президент од-ного з найуспішніших українських концернів – виробників безалкого-льних і слабоалкогольних напоїв – має власну позицію щодо співпраці адміністративного апарату і приват-них підприємств. "Доки чиновники будуть втручатися у бізнес, легаль-ного бізнесу не буде!" – заявляє він, маючи для цього вагомі підстави: 11 жовтня, вперше за історію незалеж-ної України, приватна компанія ви-грала судову справу у держави і правопорушник – Спецмонополія вимушена була поновити ліцензію концерну "Орлан". Починаючи біз-нес в Україні, пан Червоненко не випадково обрав сфери своєї діяль-ності, розуміючи. що країна почне підтримувати вітчизняного вироб-ника, насамперед акцизну групу то-варів, що приноситиме гроші в бюд-жет і забезпечуватиме нові робочі місця. Свій перший мільйон, за­роблений у професійному спорті – автоперегонах, він інвестував у перший в СНД завод з виробництва пива в банках "Ван Пур". Більше того, з минулого року пан Червоненко займається транспор­том, бо вважає, що за своїм гео­графічним положенням Україна "приречена" бути транзитною краї-ною. "Я не спеціаліст у харчовій промисловості, де мій концерн на-поїв займає третє місце, і я не спеціаліст у вантажівках, де моя компанія "Орлан Транс" займає друге місце в міжнародних переве-зеннях. Я спеціаліст по створенню команд, які процвітатимуть в бізнесовому оточенні".
Chervonenko defends free market principles, understanding that Ukrai-nian consumers will get better prices and higher quality only when the leg­islative framework is transparent and all companies have equal opportuni-ties. In the West, Chervonenko has an unblemished reputation and gets consi-derable credits without government guarantees – as recently happened when Volvo signed a 70 million euro contract for the supply of 200 vehicles. As for the Orlan beverages company, it is the first Ukrainian private company to receive a credit from Landenburg Taulman. Societe Generale was the second foreign investor. Yevhen Chervonenko's current plans are even more ambitious: he is buying up both old and new Ukrainian factories, aiming to give a strong impetus to the development of domestic production.	Пан Червоненко захищає принципи вільного ринку, розуміючи, що тільки з прозорою законодавчою системою та рівними для всіх компаній можливостями споживачі отримають продукти за кращими цінами та кращої якості. На Заході пана Червоненка поважають за його незаплямоване ім'я, під яке навіть дають чималі кредити без державної гарантії, як щойно сталося із підписанням угоди на 70 млн євро з компанією "Вольво" на постачання 200 автомобілів. Щодо концерну напоїв "Орлан", то він став першим українським приватним підприєм-ством, яке отримало кредит від "Landenburg Thalmann". Другим іно-земним інвестором став "Societe Generale". Плани Євгена Червоненка на найближче майбутнє такі: він скуповуватиме старі й нові українські заводи, фокусуючи свою увагу на подальшому розвитку національного виробництва.
Orlan Co. makes non-alcoholic and low-alcohol beverages of the brands Dar, Crash, Premiere and Calypso, as well as bottled cocktails featured in the Orlan product range. Founded in 1997 The Orlan factory employs 5,000 workers. It accounts for 14% of the Ukrainian beverages market.	Концерн "Орлан" – виробник без-алкогольних і слабоалкогольних на-поїв марок "Дар", "Краш", "Пре-м'єра", "Каліпсо" та коктейлів серії "Орлан". Заснований 1997 року. Ви-робляє продукцію на заводі "Орлан", де зайняті 5 тисяч працівників. Охоплює 14% ринку напоїв України.