- •Lecture 1
- •Exploring and settling the new world
- •In the 1400s, Spanishjand Portuguesejxilers began to give money for voyages of exploration. In search of gold, silk and spices, Portuguese explorers sailed around Africa and Asia.
- •The beginnings of new england
- •In England it was the time of Kingjames I. English people did not like the king and they called him "The Foolish King of England". Many of them even left England and went to live in other countries.
- •The seven years war
- •The civil war between the states
- •In the 18" and 19" centuries the United States was divided into the North where labour was free, and the South where slaves worked.
Lecture 1
Vocabulary
1. the Apaches [ə'pætiz] - апачи
2. the Hopi ['houpi] - хопи
3. the Navaho ['nævəhou] - навахо
4. Eiric the Red ['airik] - Эйрик Рыжий
5. Leif Eiriksson ['li:f 'airiks(ə)n] - Лейф Эйриксон (Лейф Счастливый)
6. Mayflower - название корабля
7. maize [meiz] - кукуруза, маис
8. Plymouth ['pliməθ] - Плимут
9. Yankee ['jæŋki] - американец
10. The Iroquois ['irkwoiz] - ирокезы
11. The Algonquins [æl'goŋkwinz] – алго́нки
12. The Hurons ['hjuərənz] – гуро̀ны
13. the Dartmouth - название корабля
14. George Washington, commander-in-chief - Джордж Вашингтон, главнокомандующий
15. Thomas Jefferson - Томас Джефферсон
16. Independence Hall in Philadelphia
17. General Grant - генерал Грант
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICA
Plan
The beginnings of America.
Exploring and settling the new world.
The beginnings of New England.
The Seven Years war.
First steps to independence.
The Civil War between the States.
THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA
America as a continent is comparatively old. The first people appeared in New World about. 25,000 years ago. The scientists have discovered about 750 prehistoric instruments at several places of Northern Alaska and along the Arctic coast of Canada. ' - ." )
Scientists have found that there were about 276 Indian tribes in North America and by 1500 the Indian population was 4,2000,000. The first people in America in their lives depended on the animals and plants. That is why they were hunters, fishermen, made canoes, used animal skins for clothing and meat of animals for food. They ate fruit, roots, berries, they even knew how to make a fire. They made stone instruments, baskets and things from gold, silver and other metals. y'
Each Indian tribe spoke their^own language. Among American ^ndians we can mention such tribes as the Apaches [-Vpastjiz] - апачи, the Hopi ["houpi] - xonifrthe Navaho ['naev^hou] - навахо and others.
As to the languages there are about 200 Indian languages in North America, each with its own grammar and vocabulary. That's why there are some Indian names on the map of the USA.
So we see that America, being rather old, was not discovered by Europeans till the 15th century. There are some reasons of that. One of them, as it is written in the books, is mainly the people's fear of the open sea. They believed that it was bounded by a rushing (стремительный) torrent that encircled the lands of the earth. Moreover the western sea was believed to be infested by monsters with jaws so big, that they could crush the largest ship like an eggshell.
But up along the coast of Norway lived a people who depended on the sea very much for their food. These were inhabitants of Scandinavia who crossed and recrossed the Western Ocean countless times. The careless courage with which they seized either sword or or^ and waged war with the stormy waters had earned them the name of "Vikings" or creek men (the name derived from the viks or creeks in the coast in which they harboured with their ships).
The Vj)<ings went far into the Atlantic Ocean. They traded with the natives, made settlements in Iceland and Greenland as far back as the 10,h century.
s Icelandic sagas tell of a Norseman, Eiric ['airik] the Red, and his son Xeif Eiriksson [Mi:f 'airiks(A)n], about the voyages they made. They landed by chance on the coast of North America. First they settled in Iceland but they had trouble and had to leave the island. Then Eiriksson sailed west until he reached another land. It looked very cold. Icebergs drifted in the waters around it. But Eiriksson saw some green along the coast, so he named it Greenland. He returned to Iceland for his family. He also invited some friends to move to the new land.
Once on a voyage from Greenland to Norway, Eiriksson lost his way. His ship was now sailing in a new direction. After a short time he reached a land whose low coast was covered with trees. The summer air was sweet with smell of flowers. Vines grew wild everywhere in the forest. Eiriksson called the country Vinland or "The Land of the Vine" (страна вина). In fact that land was North America. Eiriksson built a house and lived comfortably until winter came. He never quarrelled with the native tribe until one of the vikings killed a native. This turned the whole tribe against them, and the Vjkings had to leave Vinland.
As time went on people forgot about the western lands of the New World the Norsemen had visited. Many hundred years passed before white men came there again.
The United States Congress has declared Leif Eiriksson to be the discoverer of the New World, and since 1966, annually Americans celebrate Leif Eiriksson"s Day on October 9.