7. Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in its participle form.

feel, borrow, explain, say, study, finish, take, know, steal

1. Joe was in bad mood for the whole week, completely ruining our holiday.

2. After _________ her exams, Maggie went out to celebrate.

3. Jewellery _________ in the robbery has never been recovered.

4. I got a letter from the Tax Office _________ that I owe them $100.

5. _________ hungry, I decided to make myself a sandwich.

6. Books _________ from the library must be returned in two weeks.

7. Not _________ what to do, she burst out crying.

8. I had a long talk to Jack, _________ why it was important to work hard.

9. _________ everything into consideration, I’ve decided to give you a second chance.

10. With both children _________ at university, the house seems really quiet.

8. What are your predictions for the next ten years for instruments and switches of the car? Prepare a short report or presentation.

LESSON 32

1. Transport is an important part of our everyday life, an essential element of economy, a bridge between a producer and a customer, a push to economic activities. Can you think of any other discoveries or inventions that contributed to the development of our civilization? Make a list and discuss it with your partner.

   BODY PANEL DESIGN

   CAN PREVENT CORROSIO

Careful design of body panels and joints is the best starting point for corrosion prevention. Prevention of oxidation or corrosion of steel auto body panels requires prevention of contact between the oxygen-rich environment (air) and metal. Road salt usage and general environment sources, coupled with often marginal vehicle cleaning and maintenance cause corrosion cells to accumulate and thrive.

Building lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars has resulted in reduced steel gauge and reduced percentage of corrosion tolerance. Dips, sprays and different coatings are among the methods for preventing contact between hostile environmental elements and metal.

Hood. For corrosion resistance, the following items should be considered by the designer: all essentially horizontal inner panel surfaces should be sloped toward a drain hole; drain holes should be located at low points of all areas which trap fluid. In the hood latch region a flat area is generally needed for the latch mechanism and should be checked for proper drainage.

Fender. Fender assemblies generally have three major components: fender outer panel, fender rear reinforcement or fender inner panel. Splash shields and aprons often serve to protect fender, dash panel, lamp housings and wiring from stone abrasion and wheel splash as well as being structural panels. To improve corrosion resistance reinforcement and fender are preferably separated to a maximum allowable distance. Attachment of rear reinforcement to fender at their lower contact should be a minimum 15 degrees angle to provide proper drainage. Large openings around headlamps are preferably avoided or shielded to prevent erosion corrosion (this is accelerated corrosion of a metal surface due to movement of a corrosive fluid over its surface; in this case the fluid is hot humid salty air).

Doors. Sheet metal panels of a door assembly consist basically of a door outer panel, door inner panel, hinge reinforcement and a side impact or intrusion bar. A completed door assembly with glass, weather strips, water shields and trim panels installed presents the most unfavorable problem for a corrosion protection engineer. Water, road salt and dirt will enter the door, but it’s basically sealed-off condition and lack of air circulation creates an undesirable humidity chamber.

` This effect can be minimized by the following: all horizontal areas should be sloped a minimum of 10 degrees toward drain holes, drain holes at the door bottom should be at its lowest point.