Kazakhstan in an antiquity Kazakhstan in epoch of stone century

The modern representations about life of far ancestors are based on study of places of parking, caves, grottos, where the rests of work of the man — stone instruments, waste of products were kept at their manufacturing, rests of food — bones of animals. Considerable importance have also ethnographic given from life so-called backward nationality of modernity. They allow better to explain some parties of material and spiritual culture of most ancient mankind. But the main information nevertheless is given by the most mass material of a primitive society— stone instruments of work.

The history of mankind is divided into the large periods connected to development this or that socio-economic formation. History of mankind is divided into epoch of a stone, bronze, iron and middle ages. Each of the listed epoch is subdivided into the periods and cultures. The stone century is divided into three periods — paleolith, mesolite and late stone age.

The epoch of ancient stone century — time formation of mankind and his(its) facilities(economy) — is characterized by a low level of productive forces. The primitive economic activity consist in use of ready products of a nature. The primitive man collected wild-growing cereals, fruits and berries and hunted for wild animals

The public organization of the people in epoch paleolith has passed a difficult and long way of development. Its initial stage was primitive herd — association for joint protection and attack, hunt,collecting.

The primitive herd corresponds to two earliest steps bottom of paleolith — doashelskiy and ashelskiy to the periods. In ashelskiy time gradually is grown ripe by the preconditions for new social constitution — of a primitive community. In epoch of mustiye already there is settled, a natural division of labour on a floor and age, there are initial forms of a community. The human collective of late peleolith in the social relation is characterized by a new side — by addition of the mature forms of a primitive - patrimonial community. It is qualitative jump, as many researchers believe, has coincided with transformation of neanderthal man in the man of a modern physical type (Homo sapiens).

Early paleolith

Early paleolith is divided into three large epoch: olduvaiskaya (2,6 mln of years — 700 thousand years back), ashelskaya (700 thousand — 150-120 thousand years back) and mustiyerskaya (150-120 thousand — 35-30 thousand years back). Within all stone century the main role in manufacturing instruments of work belonged to a stone. And consequently on parking we find in the majority the product from stone. The man well knew properties of a stone. More often choice of a material depend on purpose of instruments.

In bottom paleolith for splitting a stone the man used other stone, simply struck them by each other. Such engineering has received the name of engineering beating or pebble of culture, as the raw material in most cases was served with ordinary river shingle. Instrument revealed by Alpisbaev in area of mountain chain Karatau are processed by above named engineering. The raw material for manufacturing instruments was served by shingle. At processing instruments the purposeful impacts were rendered from two parties of a stone and thus received twisting working territory. The received instruments were used subsequently as cutting. The results of study of stone instruments mountain chain Karatau contradict the basic rules of Movius, put forward a hypothesis about existence in epoch bottom paleolith of two local areas. To one of them he has related Hindustan, Southern and Western Europe, Forward Asia and Africa, in which inhabitants is inherent only use - manual cut. Other area is northwest India, China, Java, for which industry the bilateral and unilateral cutting instruments are characteristic. On the basis of the found out stone instruments in Southern Kazakhstan Alpisbaev makes the following conclusion; « the Fact of a joint presence of two-one side cutting instruments and manual cut does not allow us to agree with the statements about existence completely special Asian culture and about an originality of a way of development of Asia in epoch of bottom paleolith» '. Similarity and identity of materials from Southern Kazakhstan with instruments of the work which has been found out in territory of Asia and Africa, allow to state the assumption of unity of development of agriculture, in which change and development went by a uniform way.

The monuments of ashelskiy time are found out in Central Kazakhstan. The instruments were made here of silicon breeds of black and grey - green colour. One of such parking — Kudaikol— is located on northeast outskirts of a Sari-Arka. Among instruments it is possible to allocate instruments processed with both surfaces of a stone

The most ancient monument in territory of East Kazakhstan considers for today Kozibay site found out by the author in a field season of 1989. There is a parking on a coast of river Kolgutti near village Karatogai in Kurchum area.

In the following period — mustiyerskiy— other engineering of processing of a stone has appeared, but places continued to exist and shingle. Similar monuments it is known much in territory of Southern and Central Kazakhstan, and they have found reflection in the publications. To dig out workshop on manufacturing instruments of work and on the basis of it to make a conclusion that the people continuously occupied parking during a long interval of time, actually from mustiye and finishing epoch of top paleolith.

The new monuments of mustiye time are found out in 1984 in Agadir area in Zhezkagan oblast. It is parking Ogiz-tay I and II, Ulken Ak-May. Stone products are situated on a slope of small heights at a spring.

The parking of group Onezhek include seven sites; are located close from each other, but contain distinctions in stone stock. At each of them there are early and late forms of instruments and consequently to dismember them at once difficultly. It is obviously possible only at the all-round and careful analysis of industry. The final results enable in any measure to look after evolution of development of engineering in processing a stone at the certain stage. The monuments are revealed on boards ravine at Onezhek mountain The area abounds outputs of silicon, that has imposed a print on industry of parking. Among stone products the tips of darts and plenty of segregates are allocated нуклеусы , strickles , бифасы, are available also large сколы леваллуа. Among нуклеусов there are preparations intended for removal леваллуазских of plates in length 30 see. The presence нуклеусов with a platform symmetric plates of the various forms (triangular, rectangular) and small amount of the well processed instruments is characteristic for industry of Onezhek. The distinction of instruments on the size and character of processing is explained by stay of the people in the different periods of paleolit.

The most ancient inhabitants of Kazakhstan were the contemporaries pithecanthropus and sinanthropus, in evolutionary development appropriate to a phase Homo habilis. The primitive inhabitants of Karatau already could extract and support fire, were engaged in a hunt on large and fine animals and tax of vegetative food.