Introduction

Modern scientific knowledge about first people had been inhabited Earth is based on study of parking, caves, and grottos where could be found stone instruments, waste, bones of animals. But the main source of information is given by the most common spread material – stone instrument. Backward nationalities of modernity also provide considerable portion of knowledge for better understanding of primitive societies life, exactly some aspects of spiritual and material culture of most ancient peoples.

The history of humankind is divided into three main periods. This classification is connected with the stages in development of human species tools and physical conditions. Generally, historians are used to divide history of humankind into Stone, Bronze, Iron and Middle ages. Stone Age, which thought to be the longest in the human history, had began more then 2,500,000 years ago and finished approximately in the III millennium B.C. Next, Bronze Age had been lasting over 2,500 years, and, finally, the new, Iron Age began closer to the middle of the I millennium B.C. Each of the listed epochs is in turn divided into certain sub-periods and cultures. The first in people’s history period – Stone Age is divided into Paleolith, Mesolite and late Stone Age.

The problem of origin of modern human is one of the most complicated scientific problems. The modern genetics concluded that labor played decisive role in the evolution of man. The other factors: biological and social, participated in the process of anthropogenesis.

Stone Age on the territory of Kazakhstan

Social organization: During the greater part of Stone Age development of humanity and his facilities went on low level especially in progress of his productive forces. The productive system of society was a primitive communism. The primitive societies were used to consume ready products of nature. Human herds gathered wild – growing cereals, fruits and vegetables and sometimes were lucky to hunt successfully for wild animals. And all these products were produced and consumed together.

Social organization of primitive societies could be characterized as primitive herd – association for joint protection, hunting and gathering food. The bottom stages of paleolith – do-ashel and ashel correspond to primitive herd emergence as main type of human social organization and with the later period of mustiye witnessed settled, natural division of labor. Late Paleolithic society composed of small kinship groups were involved in economic and social relationship with each other.

Early Pal eolith: Tools and its Transformation: In early Paleolithic period human species used for splitting a stone, simply struck them by each other. In most cases river shingle was used as an ordinary row material for making their primitive tools. The most ancient finds of stone instruments in Southern Kazakhstan were found simultaneously with the finds in Chzou-Koudiang cave as well as in Africa and India. These instruments were manufactured not less than a million years ago.

With a seasonable safety, we could say that man first reached and inhabited territory of modern Kazakhstan a million years ago.

The Kazakhstan archeologist Alpispaev revealed in the Karatau mountain chain stone instruments processed by above mentioned technology. These received instruments were used subsequently as cuttings. The results of studying of stone instruments manufacturing from Karatau put forward a hypothesis about existence in bottom Paleolithic epoch two local areas of its production and spread.

By one of them inhabitants of Hindustan, Southern and Western Europe, Forward Asia and Africa used only manual cut. Other area, had been including Chine, India, Java, is characterized by bilateral and unilateral cutting instruments. Due to character of found stone instruments in Southern Kazakhstan Alpisbaev supposed that “the fact of a joint presence of two-one side instruments and manual cut does not allow us to agree with the statements about the existence completely special Asian culture and about the originality of a way of development of Asia in bottom of Paleolithic epoch”. Similarity and identity of materials from Southern Kazakhstan with instruments which had been found out on the territory of Africa and Asia allow to state unity of agricultural development in these regions.

The Karatau Mountains with their vegetation canyons were the favorable regions of the first human beings settlemens. The region was characterized by warm and humid climate with a great number of wild animals. In the later sites of Shabakty, Tenirkazgan, Borykazgan and others were collected more than five thousand various flints instruments – hand bifacial, points, flakes and cores.

The monuments of ashel period found in Central Kazakhstan are characterized by instruments made of silicon breeds. Kozibay site found out in 1989 on the territory of Eastern Kazakhstan is also conferred to this period.

Late pal eolith was the time of wide moving of man in all climatic zones and formation of racial groups. This was a direct connection of further development of material and spiritual culture and occurrence of the human species along with progressive development of public relations finally led to the formation of patrimonial community.

This early society was not, however, composed of small kinship groups. Supposed that this patrimonial organization was everywhere matrilineal and matrilocal and the main rule in the community belonged to woman. The parent clan, thus, represented group of people incorporated into blood relationship ties among themselves and consequently general origin on a parent line. The high position of woman in the society was determined by her role in family as a continuator of a clan existence and also by specificity of common home hunting-and-gathering economy. The first way in which these groups cooperated was the exchange of goods, primarily food.

Spiritual life: The spiritual life of ancient man had become rather more complicated comparing with the previous time. Emergence of hunting magic was the reflection of their belief in opportunity to get the authority over the herd through mastering their image. This was the real foundation over the appearance of bright primitive art, as Lasco (Spain), Kapp (Russia) caves. These Paleolithic cave paintings were found in different regions from Southern Europe to the Middle East. Unfortunately, Kazakhstan territory is not representing the first samples of the primitive art.

Complex of burial ceremonies represented their ideas of the soul and grave life. The body of a dead was strewed by red ochre, the breast was decorated with necklaces from the drilled bowls and tooth of predator, legs - by bracelets made of mammoth tusks. The products from silicon and bones were also inserting in the burial places.

On the territory of Kazakhstan it is a little found among the completely investigated monuments, but the available materials provide us an opportunity to look after continuity of ancient people material life and also process of their settling on the territory of Kazakhstan.

Late pal eolith

Society and life: During the Late Paleolithic period, had been lasting somewhat about 18,000 years (began 40,000 years ago B.C.), the woolly mammoth and rhinoceros dominated over the vast valleys along with the wide variety of other animals: bison, deer, fox, and wild boar. The same date marked an emergence of Homo sapiens, accompanied also by the rapid development of the stone instruments manufacturing technologies. People had discovered and implemented a large variety of new things, later made of metal: tips of spears, daggers and knifes. They also had begun to use widely bone made instruments as needles for different purpose and awls. These bone made instruments were decorated by cutters. The ancient hunters preferred the animal’s images which as they believed attracted a success to their hunting expeditions.