Pharmaceutical Terms

Task 25. Memorize some of the pharmaceutical terms which will help you to cope with the summaries to the remedies, the dictionary articles explaining the action of new drugs, to understand them better and to be able to comment upon them:

antidote — an agent that is given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug

trade name — commercial name for a drug, normally the property of the drug manufacturer chemotherapy — treatment of illness by the systemic ad­ministration of chemical drugs. Usually refers to treat­ment of infectious disease, cancer disease, or mental illness potentiation — strengthening the effect of a drug or toxin by the preceding or simultaneous administration of another drug or toxin. It is also called synergism

cumulation — the drug concentration in the body tis­sues which can either cause toxic effects in the body or some therapeutic effect. An example of the latter is the use of digitalis in treatment of cardiac insufficiency idiosyncrasy — an individual reaction to a drug, food, etc. that is different from the reaction of most people. Antibiotics, for example, can cause anaphylaxis (acute type of hypersensitivity; including asthma and shock) tolerance — the natural or developed ability to endure, or resist the harmful effects of, the continued or increa­sing use of a drug

Task 26. Read the dictionary articles and get ready to comment upon them:

Doxycycline (from SBD)

A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from tetracycline.

The drug is doxycyclinc, a synthetic form of tetracycline that, in larger doses, is also used to treat gonorrhea.

A drug to prevent traveller’s diarrhea — an antibiotic called doxycyc­line — was found.

Bromocriptine (from SBD)

A drug that inhibits excessive secretion of the pituitary hormone prolactin used especially in the treatment of ac­romegaly and of infertility in women and men.

Bromocriptine, a drug derived from the fungus ergot that has proved useful in treating some rare cases of infertility in women, may also help women who fail to conceive as a side-effect of the oral contracep­tive pill.

In one report,... bromocriptine increased sexual libido and re­stored spermatogenesis and sexual potency in seven male patients.

Dihydrotestosterone (from SBD)

The biologically active form of the male sex hormone tes­tosterone, produced by addition of two hydrogen atoms, and considered to be responsible for enlargement of the prostate gland.

Task 27. Pick up from the dictionary articles and the examples from journals and magazines answers to the questions (see task 26):

1. What is doxycycline used for? 2. What are the thera­peutic effects of bromocriptine? 3. What form of the male sex hormone is responsible for enlargement of prostate gland?

4. The testicles send decreasing amounts of testosterone to the prostate in the time of the sere and the yellow leaf (old age), don’t they?

Task 28. Read a summary to a medicine Hyskon and answer the questions below:

HYSKON

Hysteroscopy Fluid

Indications. For use with the hysteroscope as an aid in distending the uterine cavity and in irrigating and visualiz­ing its surfaces.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to dextran. Contraindi­cations relative to hysteroscopic procedure itself (e. g., preg­nancy, endometrial carcinoma).

Precautions. Although systemic absorption of dextran 70 from the uterine and peritoneal cavities has not been obser­ved, even when large amounts of Hyskon are employed for hysteroscopy, the possible occurrence of systemic adverse ef­fects including plasma volume expansion, transient prolon­gation of bleeding time and extremely infrequent anaphy­lactoid reactions should be borne in mind.

Adverse Effects. To date, adverse effects directly attribut­able to the use of Hyskon have not been reported. However, for a description of adverse effects known to occur with i.v. dextran administration, refer to Macrodex monograph. Dosage. Although dosage is dependent on numerous fac­tors, such as the type and length of the diagnostic procedure and whether or not manipulation or surgery is performed, the amount of Hyskon instilled into the uterus is usually between 50 and 100 ml.

Introduce Hyskon into the uterine cavity through the can­nula of a hysteroscope under low pressure (approx. 100 mm Hg) until the uterus is sufficiently distended to permit ad­equate visualization. During the hysteroscopic examination, conduct the infusion at a rate that keeps the cavity suitably distended. To avoid injection of the fluid into the tissues, of the uterus and parametria and to avoid having unnecessary amounts of the fluid pass into the peri ton ial cavity and backwards along the side of the hysteroscope, do not use infu­sion pressures greater than 150 mm Hg.

i. What is Hyskon used for? 2. What contraindications for the use of Hyskon do you know? 3. What adverse effects can be caused by Hyskon when large amounts of a remedy are employed for hysteroscopy? 4. What is dosage of Hyskon dependent on? 5. What is the route of administration of Hyskon? 6. What is the amount of this fluid instilled into the uterus? 7. Under what pressure should Hyskon be intro­duced? 8. Why should not one use infusion pressures greater than 150 mm Hg? 9. What adverse effects Hyskon should be borne in mind? 10. At what rate should one conduct the infusion of Hyskon?

Task 29. Choose the synonyms to the words used in dic­tionary articles and a summary (see tasks 22, 23 and 28):

1) to treat; 2) libido; 3) potency; 4) enlargement; 5) to employ; 6) attributable; 7) to instill; 8) abortion.

(a — distending; augmentation; b — to use; c — applic­able; d — to drop; e — power; f — lust; g — to cure; h — miscarriage)

Task 30. Build medical terms:

1) the study of poisons; 2) pertaining to within a vein; 3) study of drugs; 4) pertaining to within a sheath of mem­branes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain;

4. area to prepare, store, and dispense drugs; 6) pertaining to under the skin; 7) pertaining to under the tongue; 8) the route of administration by mouth; 9) the route of adminis­tration by rectum; 10) the local external application.

(a — pharmacology; b -- sublingual; c — intrathecal; d — subcutaneous; e — pharmacy; f — toxicology; g — intrave­nous (i. v.); h — topical application; і — rectal administra­tion (per rectum); j — oral administration (per os))

Task 31. Memorize the meaning of some specific terms used in anesthesiology and reanimatology:

abdominal delivery абдомінальні пологи (із розтином жи­вота)

patients with late toxemia of pregnancy вагітні пацієнтки

з пізнім токсикозом prolonged epidural anesthesia тривалий епідуральний наркоз epidural (space) простір між твердою оболонкою спинного мозку і окістям хребців, де містяться сполучна тканина та венозні сплетення superficial endotracheal anesthesia поверхневий ендо- трахеальиий наркоз eclampsia тяжкий токсикоз другої половини вагітності, який характеризується знепритомненням, судомами anesthesia techniques методика наркозу general endotracheal anesthesia загальний ендотрахеаль- пий наркоз operation-induced спричинений операцією nociceptive pulsation (from Latin nocens, ntis) ноцицеп- тивна імпульсація (повторні відчуття болю) to ensure optimal anesthesiological protection забезпечити оптимальне знеболювання

Task 32. Read an annotation to the article from the Anesthesiology and Reanimatology and get ready to answer the questions to the article: