Clinical Terms

Task 13. Memorize the equivalents, which will help you to better understand some terms:

Greek

arche

cyesis

tocia

sperm

cryo

crypto

Latin initium, ii n graviditas, âtis f partus, us m

semen, inis n

frigiditas, âtis f latens, ntis

English

beginning

pregnancy

child-birth;

delivery

spermatozoon

chill; cold hidden; latent

Ukrainian

початок

вагітність

пологи

сперматозоон,

сперматозоїд

холод

приховани

й

Task 14. Study the meaning of some terms used for describing pathological conditions of reproductive sys­tem and some processes of their treatment:

ectopic pregnancy — pregnancy which is not in the uterus'j(Lat. graviditas extrauterina) fovarian cysts — collections of fluid or solid material within a sac in the ovary'i

curettage — the process of curetting^ sometimes dilating and scraping the lining of the uterus following the abor­tion to remove the remaining fragments of placenta, etc. ^lumpectomy — the surgical removal of a tumour in the

breast. 1

■■ M \ ■

In the “simple” mastectomy, the breast is removed but the

lymph nodes arc not touched, and in the “partial” mastectomy or “lumpectomy”, only the tumour and a surrounding section of normal breast tissue are excised

.

The treatment involves limited excision of the tumour (lumpectomy), irradiation (both external and internal), and most recently, chemotherapy (drug therapy) when cells have spread beyond the immediate breast area ^pndocervicitis — inflammation of the inner lining of the cervix?

“\Tibroids — benign tumours in the uterus-^

'hydrocele — hernia of fluid in the testes or the tubes leading from the testes 7

(jjhimosis — narrowing of the opening of the foreskin over the glans penis in malesj

cryptorchism (cryptorchidism)— undescended testi­cles

hypospadia — congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

Task 15. Memorize the expressions to the article from U.S. News and World Report. Read the article and get ready to answer the questions. Check your answers with the key:

to improve the outlook for patients підвищити шанси на успіх для пацієнтів to find new clues відкрити нові шляхи розв’язання conventibnal X-rays звичайні рентгенограми CAT scans (computerized axial tomography) комп’ютерна аксіальна томографія to cut the toll from скоротити кількість летальних випадків earlier detection вчасне (раннє) виявлення

Coming: better diagnosis, treatment for cancer

Innovative treatments and diagnostic techniques are im­proving the outlook for cancer patients even as researchers find new clues to the cause and spread of this disease. At the annual symposium of the American Cancer Society here, medical scientists reported.

Successful control. Most forms of cancer will be either prevented or effectively treated by the year 2000 — not by a single magic bullet treatment but by a combination of key advances in drugs, radiation and surgery.

In the majority of cases, patients already can be treated successfully for 14 types of cancer, including some adult and childhood leukemias and lymphomas, Wilms’s tumour — a kidney cancer in children — and cancers of the bonë, testicles and ovaries.

Survival also has improved for persons with seven of the

10. major forms of cancer including cancer of the breast, co­lon, rectum and prostate.

Diagnostic tool. A new imaging technique called nu­clear magnetic resonance — NMR aSB can find hidden tu­mours such as liver and lung cancers that usually don’t show up with conventional X-rays and CAT scans:

»Using electromagnetic fields that are 10,000 times stronger than the earth’s normal magnetic field, NMR maps body tissue without exposing patients to potentially harmful ef­fects of ionizing radiation. With this method, doctors can spot very small tumours buried in the brain, spinal cord, liver or lungs. In most cases, there is a better chance of re­covery with early diagnosis of these difficult-to-find cancers. Still in experimental stage, NMR systems cost more than

2. million dollars.

Testicular-cancer alert. Early diagnosis is critical to cut the toll from testicular cancer, a leading cancer killer of men age 20 to 40. According to Dr. George R. Prout, Jr., of Harvard Medical School testicular tumours spread elsewhere in the body more rapidly than any other solid tumour. At Massachusetts General Hospital, the death rate for testicular cancer has fallen from 31 percent in 1970 — 75 to 16 percent since 1975 because of earlier detection and combining drugs with surgery.

Just as women recognize the need to examine their breasts regularly, men should be aware of the need for regular self- examination of the testes and for immediately seeking medi­cal help on finding lumps, swelling or other changes. Prout says that a one or two-month delay can make a difference between life and death.

Questions to be answered:

1. What improves the outlook for cancer patients? 2. How will most forms of cancer be treated by the year 2000?. 3. Why is NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) considered an effec­tive diagnostic tool? 4. What natural phenomenon is used in NMR? 5. Are the diagnostic tools such as NMR cheap or expensive? 6. What is critical to cut the toll from testicular cancer? 7. What is a peculiar feature of testicular tumours?

8. What types of cancer can be treated successfully so far?

Possible answers:

a) It can find hidden tumours such as liver and lung cancers, b) Electromagnetic field which is 10,000 time

6 4-* ₁₆₁ stronger than the earth’s normal magnetic field, c) Rather expensive ones. NMR systems cost more than 2 million dol­lars. d) Innovative treatment and diagnostic technique and new clues for the cause of cancer, e) Early diagnosis, f) By a combination of key advances in drugs, radiation and surgery,

7. 14 types of cancer , including cancers of testicles, ovaries, etc. h) They spread more rapidly.

Task 16- Read the article from the Time magazine and say what this article deals with. Describe the way IVF (in-vitro¹ fertilization) is performed. Express your own attitude towards the problem of test-tube babies:

Note

’in vitro (from Latin) — literally means “in glass” i. e.: isolated from a living organism and artificially maintained