Pharmaceutical Terms

Task 19. Study the equivalents pertaining to the medi­cal terms in the further given articles:

Greek phos (photo) -lytic cathartic

chemo

toxico

Latin lux, lucis f destructio, önis f purus, a, um

remedium, ii n

venenum, і n

English

light

destruction

pure; clean;

purging

drug;

remedy

poison

Ukrainian світло руйнування чистий; очи­щений лікарський препарат отрут

аTask 20. Study the expressions which will help you to understand the further given articles for discussion:

painkillers знеболювальні засоби to damage smth. зашкодити чомусь there is no evidence that... немає доказів, що... to prevent excessive calcium in the urine запобігти надмірному накопиченню кальцію в сечі FDA (Federal Drug Administration) Федеральна адміністрація лікарських засобів у СІЛА to reduce this type of recurring kidney-stone змен­шити цей тип формування ниркових конкрементів to be afflicted by smth. страждати від чогось to relieve gout полегшувати стан при подагрі to clump together to form clots з’єднуватися для подальшого утворення згустків

to be beneficial in doing smth. бути сприятливим у виконанні чогось

an intense beam of smth. інтенсивний промінь to be instrumental бути корисним rye bran житні висівки

Task 21. Now come the articles to be discussed. Read them carefully and get ready to answer the questions without peeping into the text:

Overuse of Painkillers May Damage Kidneys Doctor Says

(from Herald Tribune)

Two of the most heavily used drugs in the United States aspirin and acetaminophen — may cause serious kidney dam­age in some persons when used daily for years, a doctor says. Acetaminophen is used in such products as Tylenol and Anacin-3.

Other authorities have said there is no evidence that long­term use of aspirin causes kidney ailments, although there has been no definitive judgement on chronic use of acetaminophen.

Dr. William M. Bennett of the Oregon Health Sciences University said at a National Kidney Foundation sympo­sium that even a few years of regular use, perhaps six to eight tablets a day, may cause problems. At some centers, as many as 5 percent to 10 percent of patients who have kidney transplant operations, or who go on kidneys dialysis, are chronic users of painkillers, Dr. Bennett said.

Preventing Kidney Stones (from U.S. News and World Report)

A new drug to prevent excessive calcium in the urine from causing kidney stones has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration after 15 years of tests by the FDA, the National Institute of Health and private industry.

The drug — sodium cellulose phosphate — was shown capable of reducing this type of recurring kidney stone from eight to fewer thari one a year. Some 250,000 of the 1 mil­lion kidney-stone sufferers in the country are afflicted by the problem of excess calcium.

Analysis of Side Effects (from Likarska Sprava)

59.4 % of drugs allowed by current pharmaceutical nomen­clature to be sold without prescriptions may cause side effects or have contraindications. Analgetics, spasmolytics, purgatives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs account for the bulk of side effects. Promoting awareness of the population of side effects of the drugs admitted to prescri ptionless sale should be considered as an urgent problem of pharmacy.

Laetrile (from SBD)

Laetrile is the trademark for an anticancer drug obtained by hydrolyzing amygdajin (a compound derived from al­monds, apricot pits, and other seeds) and oxidizing the re­sulting glycoside. It is supposed to release cyanide into the body to kill cancer cells.

We drive up a dusty sidestreet tb a makeshift former warehouse which houses the eytopharmacy factory, where primitive equipment and a handful of lethargic Mexicans in lab coats grind the small brown apricot kernels imported from U.S. canning factories into a fine white, cyanide-rich powder that emerges, several steps later, as the yellow tablets and pale serum known as Laetrile.

Laetrile ... is found in the kernels of many fruits, notably apricots, peaches, plums and bitter almonds. It is also found in numerous other plants in a slightly different chemical form. The notion of using La­etrile as a cancer drug got its first major impetus in the Unites States in 1920 when Ernst T. Krebs Sr., a California physician, tried apricot pits as a cancer treatment. Laetrile received another big shove in 1952 when Ernst T. Krebs Jr., a biochemist, developed a purified form of Laetrile for injection.

Under the patent name, Laetrile, it is touted, at a high price, as a cure for cancer. The medical and political controversy surrounding this unorthodox treatment is concentrated mainly in the United States, but the treatment has its adherents all over the world.

Pion Therapy (from SBD)

Pion therapy is a method of destroying cancer tumors by concentrating an intense beam of pions on the cancerous tissue and causing a miniature atomic explosion that dam­ages the atoms and molecules of the target cells.

It will take years to say whether pion therapy is superior to other treatments,” says Malcolm Bagshaw, a radiation oncologist from Stanford University, who is visiting Los Alamos. “We are looking for local control where cancer has started. We probably can’t do much about a cancer that has spread through the body.” Local control is important, because a large proportion of cancer patients die from continued growth of the primary tumor, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy are weak in their ability for local control. Nevertheless, pion therapy will have to show significant improvements over alternates, to be worth the expense and effort.

Task 22. Answer the following questions:

1. In what products in the United States is acetaminophen used? 2. What did you come to know from the article about chronic users of painkillers? 3. Do you know anything about drug abuse, if so, comment upon the fact you are familiar with.

4. What can reduce recurring kidney stone? 5. How would you comment analysis of side effects? 6. Why is there a con­troversy surrounding the use of Laetrile?

Task 23. Choose the synonyms to the following words taken from the article “Overuse of Painkillers...” and check your choice with the key:

1) drug; 2) aspirin; 3) to cause; 4) damage; 5) evidence; 6) ailment; 7) painkillers.

(a .— acetylsalicylic acid; b — testimony; proof; c — di­sease; sickness; illness; malady; indisposition; d — analgesic drugs; e — remedy; medicine; f 3s injury; harm; g — to give rise to)

Task 24. Choose the antonyms to the words taken from the articles “Preventing Kidney Stones” and “Analysis of Side Effects” and check your choice with the key:

1) excessive; 2) to approve; 3) capable; 4) to reduce;

5. to allow; 6) current; 7) awareness.

(a — to prohibit; b — obsolete; old; c — indifference; d — to augment; e — unable; f — moderate; g — to deny; to denounce)

Task 25. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:

1. A few years of regular ... of aspirin may cause prob­lem. 2. Patients who have kidney transplant operations, are usually chronic users of .... 3. Sodium cellulose phosphate can prevent excessive calcium in the ... . 4. Laetrile is

an obtained from many fruits and their pits (seeds).

4. Laetrile is found in the ... of many fruits. 6. An intense beam of pions ... the target cells.

(a — urine; b — kernels; c — damages; d — use; e — anticancer drug; f — painkillers)

Task 26. Read the text and get ready to dwell upon its content with your groupmates and your teachers:

THE RAZOR’S EDGE by W. S. Maugham (an extract)

I found a message from Joseph, Elliott’s manservant, to tell me that Elliot was ill in bed and would be glad to see me, so next day I drove over to Antibes. Joseph, before ta­king me up to see his master, told me that Elliot had had an attack of uremia and that his doctor took a grave view of his condition. He had come through it and was getting better, but his kidneys were diseased and it was impossible that he should ever completely recover. Joseph had been with Elliot for forty years and was devoted to him, but though his manner was regretful it was impossible not to notice the inner satisfaction with which, like so many mem­bers of his class, catastrophe in the house filled him.

‘Ce pauvre monsieur,’¹ he sighed. ‘Evidently he had his manias but at bottom he was good. Sooner or later he must die.’ He spoke already as though Elliot were at his last gasp.

‘I’m sure he’s provided for you, Joseph,’ I said grimly.

‘One must hope it,’ he said mournfully.

I was surprised when he ushered me into the bedroom to find Elliot very spry. He was pale and looked old, but was in good spirits. He was shaved and his hair was neatly brushed. He wore pale blue silk pyjamas, on the pocket of which were embroidered his initials surmounted by his count’s crown. These, much larger and again with the crown, were heavily embroidered on the turned-down sheet.

I asked bin) how lie felt.

‘Perfectly well,’ he said cheerfully. ‘It’s only a tempo­rary indisposition. I shall be up and about again in a few. days,"I’ve got the G-rand Duke Dimitri lunching with me On Saturday, and I’ve told my doctor he must put me to rights by then at all costs,’

I spent half ah hour with him, and on my way out asked Joseph to let me know if Elliot had to relapse. I was aston­ished a week later when I went to lunch with one of my neighbours to find him there. Dressed for a party, he looked like death.

‘You oughtn’t to be out, Elliot,’ I told him. ,

‘Oh, what nonsense, my dear fellow. Frieda is expecting the Princess Mafalda. T’ve known the* Italian royal family for years, ever since poor Louisa was en poste at Rome, and I couldn’t let poor Frieda down.’

I did not know whether to admire his indomitable spirit or to lament that at hfs age, stricken* with mortal illness, he should still retain his passion for society. You would never have thought he was a sick man. Like a dying actor when he has the grease paint on his face and steps on the stage, who forgets for the time being his aches’and pains, Elliot played his part of the polished courtier with his accustomed assur­ance. He was infinitely amiable, flatteringly attentive to the proper people, and amusing with that malicious irony at which he was an adept. I think I had never seen him dis­play his social gift to greater advantage. When the Royal Highness had departed (and the grace with which Elliot bowed, managing to combine respect for her exalted rank with an old man’s admiration for a comely women, was a sight to see) 1 Was not surprised to hear our hostess tell him that he had been the life and soul of the party.

A few days later he was in bed again and his doctor forbade him to leave his room. Elliot was exasperated.

‘It's too bad ■this should happen just now. It’s a particu­larly brilliant season.’

Note

*Ce pauvre monsieur франц. досл. Нещасний пан (бідолаха).Task	5.	i 9		f; 2 - c; 3 h; 10 - i.	— a; 4	g; 5 -	b; 6 -	c; 7 -	d; 8	- ji
Task	6.	1 9	—	j; 2 — e; 3 c; 10 — d.	— i; 4 —	a; 5 •-	b; 6 -	h; 7 -	f; 8	g,
Task	8.	1	+ ;	2 —; 3 —; 4 -	5 +; 6 -	| 7
Task	11.	1 9		f; 2 - g; 3 b.	-h;4ri	i; 5 -	d; 6 -	e; 7 -	c; 8	— a;
Task	13.	1		b; 2 ,- a; 3	- b; 4	b: 5 -	a.
Task	15.	1	+;	2 —; 3 —; 4 —
Task	17.	1		b; 2 - d; 3	— a; 4 —	c; 5	e.
Task	23.	1	—i	e; 2 — a; 3	— g; 4 —	f; 5 4	b; 6 —	c; 7 -	d.
Task	24.	1	—	f; 2 -'g; 3	— e; 4 *-	d; 5 #	a; 6 —	b; 7 *	■ c.
Task	25.	1	—	d; 2 - f; 3	— a; 4	e; 5 -	b; 6	c.