Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. This inflammation involves the soft parts of the bone, especially the bone marrow in the medullary cavity of the bone. The hard, calcified part of the bone becomes sof­tened as well, as a result of the inflammation.

The etiology of osteomyelitis is bacterial. Staphylococci¹ invade the blood stream after gaining access to the body through the skin. Sometimes trauma to the skin and bone leads to rupture of blood vessels so that the staphylococci begin to grow in blood clots and injured tissue.

The clinical course involves bone abscess (inflammation and pus collection) and eventually: death of bone tissue with thrombosis of blood vessels in the bone marrow. Seques­trum is the term used to describe a piece of dead bone tis­sue. The entire body may become involved in the disease if the thrombi carrying staphylococci spread to the organs and pyemia develops.

Antibiotic therapy can correct the condition once a cor­rect diagnosis is made so that the abscess and thrombosis formation can be averted.

Note

’Staphylococci бактерії родини мікрококів, клітини яких утворюють гроноподібні скупчення. Спричиняють на­гноєння ран, абсцеси, фурункули тощо.

Podiatry

Podiatry is the treatment of the feet or foot disorders by a trained specialist; chiropody.

Podiatry is generally regarded as the American English synonym of British chiropody, but signs,of its importation across the Atlantic may have to do not so much with linguistic borrowings as with changes in chiropodic practice. For in the USA chiropodists routinely give treatments (such as minor surgery) which are not traditional in Bri­tain, but which in recent years have been increasingly introduced there (often in the face of opposition from orthopaedic surgeons). It would seem therefore that the term podiatry is being adopted to reflect this move into respectable mainstream therapy, and banish the old down­beat image of chiropody as the removal of corns.

Diskinaesthesis

Diskinaesthesis is lack of muscular coordination and of an awareness of the position and movement of one’s limbs.

Everyone knows the clumsy child — the boy with the permanently grazed knee who cannot tie his shoelace, is forever breaking things and always drops the cricket ball. Until very recently it was thought that such children were backward or just plain mischievous. Now it is known they are suffering from a genuine disorder called “dis­kinaesthesis”.

The term “kinaesthesis” referring to the sense of muscular movement, has been extant since before World War II, but this is a new development.

Dysmelia

Dysmelia is a deformed condition of development of the limbs.

The deformities are usually severe, and the upper limbs are more severely affected than the lower limbs. This variation in the degree of the defect is also observed in human cases of thalidomide dysmelia.

Task 9. Read and get ready to narrate the additional information:

Clinical tests on preserved synovial fluid of animals are under way in the Ukraine. In a healthy body, the fluid serves as an ideal life-long lubricant for the joints. In a damaged or diseased joint, formation and renewal of this biological lubricant is impaired. Medics have established that a patient’s condition can be improved by injecting ani­mal fluid which keeps for a year after some careful pre­servative treatment into the defective joint: Orthopedists in Kyiv have started using the new technique.

Task 10. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Build medical terms:

. for70

1. Osteoid. . A softening of tissue (bone). A bone desease characterized by a softening of the bones, resulting from a deficiency in calcium salts, found chiefly in adult women.

2. Oste^cCDisease process; treatment of disease. A school of medicine cind surgery employing various methods of diag­nosis and treatment, but placing special emphasis on the interrelationship of the musculoskeletal system to all other body systems. 3. Osteo.A’/УInstrument to cut. A surgical instrument for cutting or dividing bone. 4. Osteof.'■/'^’'Pas­sage or something in a porous state. A bone disease charac­terized by a reduction in bone density accompanied by in­creasing porosity and brittleness, associated, with loss of calcium from the bones. 5. Osteodys^T-^j^ourishment growth, development; bad bone development having to do with the process of nutrition. 6. Oste.'W'V Tumor. A tumor composed of bony tissue.

(a — pathy; b — tome; c Щ oma; d — porosis; e _:ift malacia; f ^trophy)

Task 11. Build medical terms. Choose them from the list below: .

ФкоП&ф-г]

1. АЬіргщаІ condition of porous bones. 2. Inflammation of bone-drift bone marrow. 3. Dead bone tissue. 4. A dis­ease in which there is enlargement of the bones of the head, hands and feet resulting from a tumor of the pituitary gland that causes overproduction of growth hormone. 5. An instru­ment for recording muscular contractions.

(a — ...graph; b — osteOmyeL..; c — ...porosis; d — sequestrum; e — ...megalia)

Pharmaceutical Terms

Task 12. Memorize these equivalents. They will be help­ful to read and comprehend the further given dictionary articles, summary to the “Ginseng Tonic Capsules” and to build medical terms:

Greek Latin English Ukrainian

arthr/o articulatio, joint суглоб

onis f

oxy acidus, a, um sour кислий

neur/o	nervus, i m	nerve	нерв
gen/o	nascor	to bear (bore,	народжувати
		born)
syn	cum, con-	together	разом
sthen/o	vis, vi,s f\ po- tentia, ae f	strength	сила
synthesis	conjugatio, 5nis f	linkage	з’єднання
sprostat/o	glandula	prostate	передміху­
	prostatica	gland	рова залоза
aden/os	glandula, ae f	gland	залоза
elpQS	ulcus, Sris n	ulcer	виразка
sto,mach	ventriculus, i m; gaster, tris f	stomach	шлунок
physi/o	natura, ae f	nature, natu­ral phenome­non	природа; при­родне явище
hypn/o	somnus, i m	dream	сон
trop/o	locus, i m	place	місце
micr/o	parvus, a, um; minor	little	малий
myç/o	fungus, i m	fungus, mold	гриб(ок)
chron/o	tempus, oris n	time	час
alg/o	dolor, oris m	pain	біль

Task 13. Read the dictionary articles. Comprehend the meaning of the medical terms. Get ready to build the medical terms based on the word-building elements:

Diacerhein {from LRONW)

Diacerhein is an anti-inflammatory drug used to counter osteoarthritis.

Much of the trouble (froin arthritic inflammation) is caused by the very active oxygen radicals released by white blood cells in their efforts to degrade foreign materials. As a quinone, diacerhein seems able to combine with these radicals and deactivate them.

Diacerhein (tradename Artrodar) was developed by Charles Friedman, of the University of Florence. It is a derivative of anthraquinone. Standard anti-inflammatory drugs,, such as fenbufen, work by reducing the body’s synthe­sis of prostaglandins; a common, side-effect of this is blee­ding and ulceration of the stomach. Diacerhein, on the other hand, actually increases prostaglandin synthesis, so this side- effect is avoided.

Amelia (from SBD)

Amelia is a congenital absence of the arms and legs.

Dr. McBride had acknowledged to the committee that his original statement about Imipramine was incorrect in relation to two of three cases of birth defects originally cited by him. The one that was cor­rect was a case of amelia (total absence of arms).

Although this term has long been used in medicine, it has only recently appeared in popular writing as a result of the interest generated by this and similar conditions caused by various drugs taken during pregnancy, such as thalidomide.

Muscle Pill (from SBD)

Muscle pill is an informal name for anabolic steroid (any of a group of synthetic hormones that increase the size and strength of muscles, often used by athletes during training).

A group of West German sports doctors is challenging the Olym­pic ban on anabolic steroids, contending the “muscle pills” are harm­less to physically mature athletes if dosages are carefully controlled.

...from anabolic increasing constructive metabolism, and steroid any of class of compounds including the primary sex hormones.

Anectine (from SBD)

Anectine is the trademark of a derivative of curare¹, used as a muscle relaxant.

Dr. Arthur Nugent is particularly quotable on avertion therapy with Anectine, a curare derivative: ‘Even the tough­est inmates have come to fear and hate the drug. I don’t blame them. I wouldn’t have one treatment myself for the world’.

Note

¹ curare кураре — речовина, яку використовують для лікування хворих на правець та під час наркозуArthrotropic (from SBD)

Arthrotropic tending to cause disease of the joint.

Animal models indicate that a variety of known microorganisms, including bacteria of their cell walls, mycoplasma, and viruses are arthrotropic and can induce acute and chronic arthritis.

Task 14. Read a summary of the article “Development of a Technology of Sublimated Honey” and tell what it is about:

The authors developed a scientifically-based technology of lyophilized honey¹ for its subsequent use both individu­ally and in combination with other drugs in powders, eye­drops, injections, etc. Parameters of sublimation honey dry­ing were developed and cryohydrate temperatures of honey solutions were determined; the kinetics of drying of the prepa­ration was worked out. (The research work was carried out at the Ukrainian pharmaceutical academy.)

Note

’lyophilized honey ліофілізація — метод зневоднення тканини шляхом заморожування її у вакуумі

Task 15. Choose the proper term to the identification:

1. The way (route) of administration of drugs. 2. The science dealing with the effect of drugs on living organisms.

2. Conditions which ban (forbid) the use of a drug. 4. The science that deals with medicinal products of plant, animal, or mineral origin in their crude or unprepared state. 5. The branch of pharmacology that deals with the effect and the reactions of drugs within the body. 6. Pertaining to against pain.

(a — contraindications; b — analgesic, analgetic; с — intramuscular; d — pharmacology; e — pharmacognosy; f — pharmacodynamics)

Task 16. Build medical terms:

1. Inflammation of joints. 2. Inflammation of bone and joints. 3. Abnormal condition of pus in a joint. 4. Any of various immovable articulations, or joints (as in suture joints of the skull). 5. A freely movable joint; any articulation, as of the hip, permitting free movement in any direction. 6. Neu­ralgic pain in a joint or joints.

(a — synarthr...; b — ...itis; с — ...arthritis; d — arthro...osis; e — dia...osis; f — arthr...ia)

Task 17. Read a summary to “Ginseng Tonic Capsules” and answer the following questions:

1. What are the main indications of Ginseng tonic cap­sules (G. t. c.)? 2. What is a daily dose of G. t. c.? 3. Is it necessary to wash G. t. c. down? 4. When is it prefer­able to take these capsules? 5. What does the root of Gin­seng promote and induce?