Unit six endocrine system

This unit will provide and teach you a great many of anatomic, clinical and pharmaceutical terms to the theme “Endocrine System”. Anatomic terms prevail in the text “Endocrine System and its Physiology” and in the tasks which follow the text.

The clinical terms have been picked up from the articles “The Dangers of Steroids”, “Hormones ‘Double Risk of Strokes’” and are being explained in the further given tasks.

The pharmaceutical terms will draw your attention in the text “Cortisone and ACTH”, a direction to a medicine “Grorm”, the dictionary articles “Adipsin”, “Alphaendorphin”, “Cyproterone Acetate”.

A passage from the book A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway has been selected for your additional reading at home.

The keys to the tasks provided for consolidation of the j terms conclude the unit.

Anatomic Terms

Task 1. Pronounce and memorize the meaning of the following words and expressions:

internal (external) secretion [si(:)'kri:J(a)n] внутріш­ня (зовнішня) секреція

pituitary gland [pi'tju(: )it(s)ri glaend] придаток мозку (гіпофіз)

thyroid gland ['0ai(s)roid glaend] щитоподібна залоза parathyroid gland [,pasr3'0ai(3)roid glasnd] прищито- подібна залоза

adrenal gland [aed'ri:nal glasnd] надниркова залоза gonads ['gounasdz] гонади (статеві залози) ovaries ['ouvariz] яєчники

testes [4esti:z] яєчка

pineal gland ['p(a)inial glaend] шишкоподібна залоза thymus gland ['Gaimas glaend] загруднинна залоза mammary gland ['maemari glasnd] грудна (молочна) залоза

mucous gland ['mjukas glaend] слизова залоза

salivary gland ['saehvari glaend] слинна залоза

lacrymal gland ['laekrimal glaend] сльозова залоза

sweat glands [swet glasndz] потові залози

to cause smth. спричиняти щось (якусь хворобу тощо)

to augment smth. збільшувати щось

pregnancy-sustaining hormone гормон, що сприяє

збереженню вагітності

the body hardening загартування тіла

luteotropic [,l(j)u:tiou'tropik] що стосується жовтого

тіла яєчника

to be decomposed by smth. розкладатися під дією чогось oxidative processes окисні процеси

Task 2. Read and comprehend the text. Get ready to put questions upon the content and to narrate it:

Endocrine system and its physiology

The endocrine system regulates many and varied functions of an organism by means of specific chemical substances re­leased from glands into the bloodstream. The glands are lo­cated in different regions of the body. The chemical substances called hormones can change the status, structure of organs and ! issues. Some hormones stimulate the growth of bones, the others can control metabolism within the cells of the body. There are glands of internal secretion (endocrine glai\ds) and glands of external secretion (exocrine glands). The former secrete hor­mones direct into the blood stream and the latter into ducts which lead to the exterior of the body. ~

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pan­creas, adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), pineal gland and thymus gland belong to endocrine glands. Mammary, mucous, salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands belong to exo­crine ones. The pituitary (hypophysis) is rather a small gland which is composed of two lobes (anterior and posterior) adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis accordingly, located at the base of the brain. Adenohypophysis produces hormone called somatotropin (growth hormone) (STH), which stimu­lates protein synthesis in organs and tissues and causes growth. Secretion of growth hormone continues throughout the organism’s life. Overproduction of somatotropin in child­hood leads to gigantism and in adult life it may cause ac­romegaly (enlarges fingers, toes, hands, feet, jaw, nose). Thy- roid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also produced by adeno­hypophysis. This hormone (thyrotropin) stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin is secreted continuously in small amounts. With cooling of the body secretion of thy­rotropin is encreased and heat production is raised. This phenomenon is very important in the body hardening as it means that the resistence of the body to cold can be encreased by training. Adenohypophysis is also responsible for produc­ing adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH). They stimulate, the growth of the adrenal cortex and activate hormone syn­thesis in them. Secretion of ACTH by the pituitary is aug­mented in stress. Anterior pituitary produces also the gona­dotropic hormones. They stimulate the growth of eggs in the ovaries in the female. One of the hormones is called follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH). Another one, which induces the secretion of pregnancy-sustaining hormone (progesterone) is called luteinizing hormone (LH). Luteotropic hormone (LTH) which augments production of milk in the mammary glands and the development of corpus luteum (cyclicum) is called luteotropin. It also belongs to the gonadotropic hormones. In the male, gonadotropins influence the development of sper­matozoa and testes. Luteotropic hormone (prolactin) is de­composed by the digestive enzymes and therefore should be administered subcutaneously or intravenously.

The thyroid gland which is located on either side of the trachea below the thyroid cartilage is composed of a right and left lobe. The gland is richly supplied with blood and lym­phatic vessels. The hormone secreted by this gland is called thyroxine. The characteristic action of the thyroid hormones is their effect on the energy metabolism. Besides, some of these hormones sharply activate oxidative process. Thyroxine inten­sifies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates cal­cium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

Pancreas is located behind the stomach. It produces hor­mones in the cells which are called islets of Langerhans (after the scientist who discovered them). The hormones of pancreas are insulin and glucagon which regulate the due metabolism of sugars and starches in the body.

The adrenal glands which also are called the suprarenal glands are situated one on top of each kidney. They consist of two parts, the medulla and the cortex. The adrenal cortex produces the groups of hormones, such as mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones (androgens and oestro- gens). The amount of mineral salts is regulated by mineralocorticoids. The metabolism of sugars, fats and pro­teins within all body cells is influenced by the glucocorti­coids. Androgens and oestrogens play an extremely impor­tant- role in the development of the genitalia in childhood and later maintain the secondary sex characteristics and are necessary for reproduction. The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephri­ne). Adrenaline influences intracellular metabolism, intensi­fies and accelerates cardiac contraction. It also constricts t he arterioles of the skin, the abdominal organs, delates bron­chial tubes and stimulates the production of glucose from a substance called glycogen. Noradrenaline stimulates uterine contraction and in man it encreases the peripheral vascular resistance and systolic and diastolic pressure. Both adrena­line and noradrenaline raise blood pressure, increase heart­beat and respiration.

The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain. This gland secretes melatonin which affects skin pigmenta- t ion (it causes the skin to turn a lighter colour). This gland is thought to work as a “biological clock” because exposure to light inhibits production of melatonin. Its function is obscure to some extent as some scientists state it.

The thymus gland is a ductless gland located in the me­diastinum behind the sternum and extends into the neck. It is large in childhood and it shrinks in size in adults. Some scientists believe that the thymus plays a certain role in the immune process in the body. The exact function of the gland is also rather uncertain.

Task 3. Study the following equivalents which will help you to understand some medical terms, anatomic including:

Greek Latin English Ukrainian

crino- separo, are; to secrete виділяти

s

щит; щитопо­дібна (залоза) стимулювати за межами

ecerno, 6re thyro- scutum, і n shield

horm- stimulo, are to stimulate

meta- variatio, onis f _ beyondexo-	extra-	change; beyond	зміна; за ме­жами
andro	vir, viri m	man	чоловік
para-	proximo	near	близько
pan-	omnis, e; totus, a, um	whole	весь
gonado	gigno, ere	to bear sex glands	породжувати
gone	gonas, gonades	seed; generation	покоління
thymo-	thymus (ani­mus,i m)	thymus gland	загруднинна залоза
-physis	cresco, ere	to grow	рости
somato­	corpus, oris m	body	тіло
tropin	nutrio, ire	to nurish	годувати
proteo	albor, oris m;	protein	білок (пер­
	pars prima	(first ingre­dient)	ший інгре­дієнт)
gig(as)	gigas, gantis m (Acc. gigantem)	giant	велет; гігант
aero-	extremitas, atis f	limb	кінцівка
-megaly	cresco, ere	to enlarge	збільшувати
pheno­	phantasma,	vision	явище
menon)	atis n; eviden- tia, ae f
xantho	luteum, i n;	yellow	жовтий
	flavus, a, um
masto-	mamma, ae f	breast	грудна (молоч­на) залоза;
		seed; spermato­zoon	грудь
spermo-	semen, inis n		сім’я; насін­ня
zoo	animal, is n	animal	тварина '
lacto-	lac, lactis n	milk	молоко
anthraco	carbo, onis m	coal	вугілля

Task 4. Support or challenge the following statements using expressions: t. That’s right. Quite right. That’s just so. 2. No, that is wrong. That’s not true. Quite on the contrary. But they can ..., etc.:

1. The hormones cannot change the structure of organs and tissue. 2. The glands of internal secretion are called endocrine glands. 3. The pituitary and thyroid glands be­long to exocrine glands. 4. The milk secreting gland is an exocrine gland called mammary. 5. Three pairs of glands in t lie mouth that secrete saliva are called lacrimal glands, aren’t I hey? 6. Lacrimal and sweat glands belong to endocrine glands, don’t they? 7. The pituitary is located at the base of the brain.

Task 5. Find explanation in the text above. Choose the answers given below:

1. What does somatotropin stimulate? 2. Why is overpro­duction of somatotropin detrimental in childhood? 3. What may growth hormone cause in adult life? 4. What pheno­menon is rather important in the body hardening? 5. What lobe of the pituitary gland is responsible for producing adreno­corticotropic hormones? 6. What hormone stimulates the production of milk? 7. What do gonadotropins influence in I lie male? 8. Why should prolactin be administered subcu- taneousjjg or intravenously? 9. Where is the thyroid gland located? 10. What does thyroxine intensify?

(a) because it leads to gigantism; b) with cooling of the body secretion of thyrotropin is encreased and heat production is raised; c) the development of testes and spermatozoa; d) it may cause acromegaly; e) luteotropin; f) the anterior lobe (adenohy­pophysis); g) protein synthesis in organs and causes growth; 10 on either side of trachea; i) the expenditure of carbohydrates fats and proteins; j) it is decomposed by the digestive enzymes)

Task 6. Find the English equivalents for the Latin words:

1. Glandula, ae f. 2. Sternum, i n. 3. Color, 5ris m. 4. Pressio, onis f. 5. Resistentia, ae f. 6. Uterus, i m. 7. Qlucosum, i n.

8. Tuba, ae f. 9. Cellula, ae f. 10. Dorsalis, e. 11. Secretio, onis f.

(a — colour; b — resistence; c — glucose; d — tube; e — cell; f — dorsal; g — secretion; h — uterine; i — sternum (the breastbone); j — gland; k — pressure)

Task 7. Find the antonyms to these words:

1) different; 2) stimulate; 3) endocrine; 4) external; 5) an­terior; 6) encrease; 7) richly; 8) dorsal; 9) contraction; 10) the former.

(a — exocrine; b — the latter; c — decrease; d — poorly; <' — frontal; f — dilatation; g — posterior; h — internal; i — inhibit; j — similar)

Task 8. Answer the questions to the text. Choose the answers below:

1. By what means does the endocrine system regulate varied functions of an organism? 2. Where are the hormones re­leased from? 3. What can the hormones change in the hu­man body? 4. What glands are of internal secretion? 5. What glands are exocrine ones? 6. What glands regulate calcium level in the blood? 7. Why do the hormones of pancreas play an important role in the function of human organism? 8. What is the function of a thymus gland?

/ (a) plays a certain role in immune process; b) regulate the due metabolism of sugars and starches; c) parathyroid glands;

4. pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, etc.; e) the status, structure of organism; f) glands; g) hormones; h) glands of external secretion are: mammary, salivery, lacrimal, etc.)