1. Answer the questions:

1. What is metallurgy as a science?

2. What two parts may the field of metallurgy be divided into?

3. Which two major steps does the production of a metal typically involve?

4. What does physical metallurgy deal with?

5. Which methods investigate crystal imperfections?

6. What is macrostructure important for?

2. Say if the sentences are true or false:

1. Metallurgy as a branch of engineering deals with the metal and alloy production, adaptation to use, and performance in service.

2. Metallurgy as a science deals with the chemical reactions involved in the processes by which metals are produced.

3. Process metallurgy means production metallurgy and extractive metallurgy, metal processing is its part.

4. Different metals typically require the same combinations of operations and processes.

5. . Physical metallurgy investigates the effects of composition and treatment on the structure of metals, the engineering applications of different metals and how changes in the structure affect the properties of metals.

6. All metals have crystal structure and we can learn it with the help of x-rays.

3. Translate the words into Russian:

• a branch of engineering

• concerned with

• chemical, physical, and mechanical behavior of metallic materials

• is considered to be

• ore minerals

• the properties of metals

• the engineering applications

• processes occurring in solid metals

• the geometrical arrangement of the microcrystal

• steel forgings and blowholes in castings

• changes in the structure and properties resulting from mechanical working of metals

4. Translate from Russian into English:

• металлургия как отрасль промышленности

• химические и физические реакции, происходящие при производстве металлов

• производство металла из металлической руды и его очистка с помощью электролиза

• применение научных разработок при производстве и механических обработках

• геометрическая форма микрокристаллов

• многократный нагрев

• изменения в структуре и свойствах

5. Render the text according to the plan:

1. Metallurgy as a branch of engineering

2. The field of metallurgy may be divided into two processes

3. The production of a metal involves two major steps

4. Physical metallurgy investigates …

5. Different methods of investigation of metal structure

TИ – 12

(Специальные автомобили и бортовые информационно-управляющие системы -

Special Automobiles and Onboard Information Management Systems

(multi-purpose vehicles)

Text 1. Automobile

An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.

The term motorcar has also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.

There are approximately 600 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car per eleven people). Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; the engines of these burn over a billion cubic meters (260 billion US gallons) of petrol/gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.

The first working steam-powered vehicle was likely to have been designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions in China around 1672. It was a 65 cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger. It is not known if Verbiest's model was ever built.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. His inventions were however handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure. In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and was of little practical use.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile,

http://www.plunkettresearch.com/automobiles-trucks-market-research/industry-overview,

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot

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